Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
An. pseudopuncti-
pennis
complex
Yes
Yes(?)
An. pseudopunctipennis
is implied as the vector of
P. vivax
in Bolivia (
Lardeux
et al., 2007
) and has been experimentally infected with
P. vivax
with vari-
able infectivity rates from different vivax strains (
Rodriguez et al., 2000
).
While natural infections with
P. vivax
have been reported from Argentina
and Mexico (
Warren et al., 1980
), there is also evidence of
Plasmodium
sporozoites being absent from
An. pseudopunctipennis
populations in Belize
(
Achee et al., 2000
) and El Salvador (
Warren et al., 1980
) and experiments
have shown
An. pseudopunctipennis
to be refractory to
P. vivax
(VK210)
(
Gonzalez-Ceron et al., 2007
).
An. punctimacula
Dyar & Knab
No
Yes
Experimental man-to-mosquito transmission has been confirmed, and natu-
rally infected
An. punctimacula
have been found in Panama (
Simmons, 1937
;
Quinones et al., 2006
;
Ulloa et al., 2006
;
Loaiza et al., 2008
).
An. quadrimaculatus
complex
Yes
Yes(?)
Species of the
An. quadrimaculatus
are implied to be vectors of
P. vivax
malaria
(
Jensen et al., 1996
) and has been infected in the laboratory from
P. vivax-
infected monkeys (
Collins et al., 2009
).
An. triannulatus
Neiva & Pinto
No
Yes
P. vivax
was detected in wild captured
An. triannulatus
in Para State, Northern
Brazil (
de Arruda et al., 1986
). Mosquito oocyst infection was observed
in laboratory conditions after feeding on infected human volunteers and
P. vivax
sporozoites were found in the salivary glands approximately two
weeks after feeding (
Klein et al., 1991
).
Africa+
An. arabiensis
Patton
Yes (part of the
An. gambiae
complex)
Yes
P. vivax
sporozoites have been detected (by ELISA) in wild captured
An. ara-
biensi
s in Southern Ethiopia (
Taye et al., 2006
) and Madagascar (
Fontenille
et al., 1990
).
An. arabiensis
have been experimentally infected with
P. vivax
from infected monkeys (
Collins et al., 2009
).
An. funestus
Giles
Yes
Yes
P. vivax
(VK247) circumsporozoite proteins were found in
An. funestus s.s.
specimens collected in Kenya (
Ryan et al., 2006
).
