Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
(sites) were used for analyses. In some cases, more than one occurrence
point was obtained for a single site. The greatest number of points were
found for the
Anopheles culicifacies
complex (
n
= 1568) followed by the
Anopheles subpictus
(
n
= 1143) and
Anopheles barbirostris
(
n
= 1064) com-
plexes. From the 15 Asian
P. vivax
malaria endemic countries (
Pv
MECs),
where anopheline occurrence data were found, data were obtained from
5388 sites. The greatest number of sites were in Myanmar (
n
= 1830), India
(
n
= 1529) and China (
n
= 355). There was only one reported occurrence
located in Turkey.
The predicted distributions of the DVS in Asia resulted in a complex
multi-species map, where the main vector species overlap over large areas of
land and exist independently in small areas (
Fig. 1.9
B). It is beyond the scope
of this review to describe the individual distributions and bionomics of the
19 potential DVS in this region, however, a complete discussion of the ranges
and bionomics of the global DVS may be found elsewhere (
Sinka et al.,
2010a
,
2010b
,
2011
,
2012
). The DVS described in the following paragraphs
are those that were deemed to be primary malaria vectors by the project's
technical advisory group (TAG), which are therefore shown prominently in
Fig. 1.9
A, and showed conclusive evidence for the ability to transmit
P. vivax
(
Table 1.2
). The potential primary DVS that met these criteria were the
An. culicifacies
complex (Culicifacies Complex;
An. culicifacies s.l.
), the
Anoph-
eles dirus
complex (Dirus Complex;
An. dirus s.l.
), the
Anopheles minimus
complex (Minimus Complex;
An. minimus s.l.
),
Anopheles sinensis
,
Anopheles
stephensi
and
Anopheles superpictus
.
Anopheles culicifacies s.l.
is a prominent vector across the Indian subcon-
tinent, found in sympatry with
An. stephensi
and
Anopheles fluviatilis s.l.
Species B of the Culicifacies Complex is considered a non-vector of
P. fal-
ciparum
, currently attributed to highly zoophilic behaviour. However, there
is evidence shown in
Table 1.2
that the species is also partially refractory to
P. vivax
and, hence, perhaps to malaria parasites overall (
Adak et al., 2005
;
Vijay et al., 2011
). Evidence of wild-infected populations and experimental
infections suggest that at least species A and C of the complex are primary
vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thai-
land, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam are dominated by the Dirus and
Minimus Complexes (
Fig. 1.9
B). The range of the
An. sinensis
complex
covers the majority of China, where it is shown to co-exist with
Anoph-
eles lesteri
along the eastern areas of the country and the Korean peninsula.
However, the overlapping distributions of these two vector species may be
an artefact of mis-identification in some areas rather than true sympatry
