Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER FOUR
Diagnosis and Treatment of
Plasmodium vivax
Malaria
J. Kevin Baird
*
, Jason D. Maguire
†
, Ric N. Price
‡
*Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jalan Diponegoro No. 69, Jakarta, Indonesia
†
Portsmouth Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
‡
Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
Contents
1. Introduction
204
2. Chemotherapeutics Terminology
207
3. Historical Perspectives
209
3.1. Quinine
209
3.2. Modern Antimalarials
211
3.3. Primaquine
215
3.4. Total Dose Effect of Primaquine
216
3.5. Hypnozoitocidal Co-drug Synergy
218
3.6. Chloroquine-Resistant Vivax Malaria
223
4. Chemoprophylaxis Against Vivax Malaria
224
5. Diagnosis of Vivax Malaria
225
5.1. Clinical Diagnosis
225
5.2. Microscopic Diagnosis
226
5.3. Molecular Diagnosis
227
5.4. Antigen-Capture Rapid Diagnostic Testing
227
6. Treatment of Uncomplicated Vivax Malaria
228
6.1. Treatment of
P. vivax
Erythrocytic Stages
228
6.1.1. Chloroquine
228
6.1.2. Non-chloroquine treatment regimens of
P. vivax
231
6.1.3. Artemisinin combination therapy for
P. vivax
infection
232
6.1.4. The role of post-treatment prophylaxis
234
6.2. Treatment of
P. vivax
Exoerythrocytic Stages
235
7. Treatment of Severe and Complicated Vivax Malaria
239
8. Evaluating Drug Resistance in Vivax Malaria
240
8.1.
In vivo
Assessment of Schizontocidal Therapy
240
8.2.
Ex vivo
Assessment of Schizontocidal Therapy
242
8.2.1.
Ex vivo
drug susceptibility testing
242
8.2.2. Genetic basis of
P. vivax
drug resistance
244
8.2.3. Non-human primates
245
8.3. Primaquine
248
8.3.1. In vivo
248
8.3.2. Ex vivo
251
