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others to do. High-quality training materials must be developed to ensure best results
within and between countries. During the replication phase, training materials are an
essential element for transferring learning. Materials must be developed by qualified
training design experts and must adhere to pre-established training standards to
ensure high quality. They must be easy to adapt to different cascading levels - for
example, community level materials require more visual aids due to literacy issues,
whereas district- or provincial-level materials utilize more text - and must be easily
translatable into other languages.
4
Scaling-Up and Replication in Practice
Building the community of practice around the initiative being replicated will help
to mitigate differences encountered in implementation; and might transfer valuable
lessons back to the originators of the practice as well.
Pursuing the work requires
strong facilitation related to all mechanisms
redeploying resources and establishing new ones
building
capacity
(especially
personnel
development
and
strategies
for
addressing personnel and other stakeholder mobility)
establishing standards, evaluation processes, and accountability procedures.
4.1
Difficulties Arising from Co-production May Not Be
Mastered
Scaling up implies the co-production of investments, outputs and services by
many different stakeholders at many different levels: community workers, local
government officials, NGOs, the private sector, technical specialists at all levels,
administrators, program managers and bureaucrats, politicians and aid agency
personnel. Three problems afflict co-production.
Differences in values and experience of co-producers. Community workers and
local NGOs often do not understand how higher levels or sector specialists operate
or can contribute. Sector specialists often underestimate latent community capacity.
Higher-level administrators are used to strict controls and cannot understand how
social capital can enable communities to hold their leaders accountable. Until
program participants learn to adhere to a common set of values and approaches,
scaling up will remain difficult.
No clear assignment of functions to different co-producers. Scaling up requires
precise assignment of a long list of functions to specific actors at different levels,
and clear instructions on what they should do, how to do it, and what tools to use
(forms, questionnaires, technical approaches, training materials, etc.). The problem
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