Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
important is biotic resistance, which may occur in ecosystems inhabited by native earthworms or
other native competitors and predators? Are native species competitive with aggressive exotic
species under native conditions? Is habitat disturbance a prerequisite to invasion? Case studies and
experimental manipulations are needed to answer these and other pertinent questions. In addition,
there is still a need for basic survey and taxonomic work to assess the diversity and distribution of
earthworm species both in their native habitats and in new areas where they may become invasive.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by grant DEB 0236276 from the National Science Foundation to the
University of Georgia. We are grateful to colleagues at the Seventh International Symposium on
Earthworm Ecology, Cardiff University, Wales, U.K., in 2002 for useful discussions of the topics
covered in this chapter.
REFERENCES
Alban, D.H. and E.C. Berry. 1994. Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon and nitrogen of a
forest soil,
, 1:243Ï249.
Aplet, G.H. 1990. Alteration of earthworm community biomass by the alien
Appl. Soil Ecol.
Myrica faya
in Hawaii,
Acta
, 82:414Ï416.
Baker, G.H. 1998. The ecology, management and benefits of earthworms in agricultural soils, with particular
reference to southern Australia, in Edwards, C., Ed.,
Oecol
Earthworm Ecology
, St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton,
FL, pp. 229Ï258.
Barois, I., P. Lavelle, M. Brossard, J. Tondoh, M. Martinez, J.P. Rossi, B.K. Semapati, A. Angeles, C. Fragoso,
J.J. Jimenez, T. Decaens, C. Latland, J. Kanyono, E. Blanchart, L. Chapuis, G.G. Brown, and A.
Moreno. 1999. Ecology of earthworm species with large environmental tolerance and/or extended
distributions, in Lavelle, P., L. Brussard, and P. Hendrix, Eds.,
Earthworm Management in Tropical
, CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 57Ï86.
Bhadauria, T., P.S. Ramakrishnan, and K.N. Srivastava. 2000. Diversity and distribution of endemic and exotic
earthworms in natural ecosystems in the central Himalayas, India,
Agroecosystems
., 32:2045Ï2054.
Blakemore, R. J. 1999. Diversity of exotic earthworms in Australia Ð a status report, in Ponder, W. and D.
Lunney, Eds.,
Soil Biol. Biochem
The Other 99%. Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Transactions of the
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
, Mosman 2088, Australia.
Bohlen, P.J., P.M. Groffman, T.J. Fahey, M.C. Fisk, E.R. Suarez, D.K. Pelletier, and R.T. Fahey. 2004a.
Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasions of north temperate forests,
Ecosystems
, in
press.
Bohlen, P.J., D.K. Pelletier, P.M. Groffman, T.J. Fahey, and M.C. Fisk. 2004b. Influence of earthworm invasion
on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests,
Ecosystems
,
in press.
Bouch, M.B. 1977. Strategies lombriciennes, in Soil organisms as components of ecosystems.
Ecol. Bull.
,
25:122Ï132.
Burtelow, A.E., P.J. Bohlen, and P.M. Groffman. 1998. Influence of exotic earthworm invasion on soil organic
matter, microbial biomass and denitrification potential in forest soils of the northeastern U.S.,
Appl.
, 9:197Ï202.
Callaham, M.A., Jr. and J.M. Blair. 1999. Influence of differing land management on the invasion of North
American tallgrass prairie soils by European earthworms,
Soil Ecol.
, 43:507Ï512.
Callaham, M.A., Jr., J.M. Blair, and P.F. Hendrix. 2001. Native North American and introduced European
earthworms in tallgrass prairie: behavioral patterns and influences on plant growth,
Pedobiologia
Biol. Fertil. Soil
,
34:49Ï56.
Chertov, O.G. and A.S. Komarov. 1997. SOMM: a model of soil organic matter dynamics,
Ecol. Modelling
,
94:177Ï189.
Dalby, P.R., G.H. Baker, and S.E. Smith. 1998. Potential impact of an introduced lumbricid on a native
woodland in South Australia,
Appl. Soil Ecol.
, 9:351Ï354.
