Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Parathion
(1)
Propoxur
(1)
Aldicarb
(2)
Carbaryl + Carbofuran
(2)
600
300
20
80
554 E.f.
291 E.f.
16 E.f.
>16 E.f.
41 A.chl.
318 L.t.
232 A.c.
4-8 L.r.
119 A.I.
4 A.c.
4A.chl.
54 A.chl.
36 L.t.
6.8 A.c.
3.8 A.I.
<4 L.r.
<4 A.chl.
<4 A.c.
0
0
0
0
Dithiocarbamates
(2)
Paraquat
(3)
Chloroacetamide
(3)
Chlorpyrifos
(4)
40
4000
80
80 A.n.
75 E.f.
1200
1174 E.v.
1077 E.f.
16-32
3200 E.f.
778 A.I.
755 A.c.
54 L.t.
47 A.chl.
40 A.c.
16 L.r.
458 L.t.
1000 L.t.
580 A.c.
8 A.chl.
129 L.r.
0
0
0
0
FIGURE 17.6
Comparative plots of the sensitivities (LC
50
) of different earthworm species tested under
comparable conditions in multicompound studies for various sets of pesticides. (Data from Kula et al. 1994;
Stenerson et al. 1992; Ma and Eijsackers, 1989.)
a proper combination of management of these Ñunderground processesÒ and chemical pest treatment
should be achieved by proper, preventive toxicity test assessment procedures.
Other than the standardized Ýeld tests discussed and formulated at the ShefÝeld and Amsterdam
Earthworm Toxicity Workshops (Edwards 1992, 1998; Heimbach 1992a,b; H. Kula 1992) limited
progress has been made. Kula (1994) proposed a standardized approach to Ýeld experimentation,
with prescriptions for methods on representative grass and arable sites, plot sizes of 10 Z 10 m
with a 2-m protection zone with four replicates, sampling procedures, and intervals. He suggested
L. terrestris
and
A. caliginosa
as the most relevant species with sufÝcient population densities in
these types of sites. Heimbach (1997) experimented with barriers between plots and included the
indirect impact of a changed food supply (grass cut or mulched). Lateral movement of earthworms
should be limited but cannot be neglected in Ýeld sampling, whereas the impact of plowing and
reseeding could be rather drastic. However, the observations of Mather and Christensen (1998) that
there could be extensive lateral dispersal of earthworms call for caution in Ýeld experiments.
There is a need for proper validation of laboratory vs. Ýeld toxicity tests on earthworms.
Heimbach (1992a,b, 1994, 1997) made extensive studies comparing laboratory reproduction studies
