Model-Less Control - Real-Time Rendering: Computer Graphics with Control Engineering - page 98

Measured Output vs User Reference Levels

405

Reference
Measured output

400

395

390

385

380

375

370

365

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

×10 4 Frame

FIGURE 6.12 Continuous reference tracking using ANFIS controller.

delays could be caused by different CPU utilisation and wait states or transports
between memory storage locations.
The impact of delay on a control system should not affect a system's ability to
track user-defined performance targets noticeably. If a delay does affect the overall
effectiveness of a control system, its effect should be modelled as part of the system
as well. A detailed investigation into the intricacies of delay is beyond the scope of
this topic. Our experiment yielded satisfactory results and further work on more
elaborate distributed control systems may further extend this research.

6.7 CONCLUSION
The focus of this chapter is controlling real-time rendering via a model-less approach
defined as no need for devising a formal mathematical representation of a rendering
process plant model by which a rigorous system identification procedure is to be
carried out. We provided a framework for model-less control of real-time rendering
using a conventional fuzzy controller and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system.
The experiments showed that both techniques are capable of yielding good results
without plant models. More importantly, we demonstrated that a model-less control
framework can be extended to support a wider operating range where non-linear
characteristics of the rendering process may appear.