Groundwater controls and processes - Arid Zone Geomorphology - page 396

Table 16.1 Valleys, scarps and canyons suggested to have formed by groundwater seepage erosion processes.

Landform Source

(a) Drylands
Australia Baker (1980), Jennings (1979), Young (1986)

Botswana Nash (1995), Nash, Shaw and Thomas (1994), Nash, Thomas and Shaw (1994),

Shaw and de Vries (1988)

Chile Hoke et al. (2004), Stepinski and Stepinski (2005)

Colorado Plateau (USA) Ahnert (1960), Baker (1990), Howard and Kochel (1988), Howard, Kochel and

Holt (1988), Laity (1980, 1983), Laity and Malin (1985), Laity, Pieri and Malin
(1980), Pieri, Malin and Laity (1980)

Egypt El-Baz et al. (1980), El-Baz (1982), Maxwell (1979)

Italy Mastronuzzi and Sanso (2002)

Jordan Rech et al. (2007)

Libya Peel (1941)

Morocco Smith (1987)

(b) Nondrylands
Florida (USA) Schumm et al. (1995)

Hawaii (USA) Baker (1980, 1990), Hinds (1925), Kochel and Piper (1986)

Japan Onda (1994)

Massachusetts (USA) Uchupi and Oldale (1994)

New Zealand Schumm and Phillips (1986)

UK Nash (1996), Small (1964), Sparks and Lewis (1957-1958)

(c) Beach microdrainage networks Higgins (1982, 1984)

(d) Sub-marine canyons Robb (1990), Robb et al. (1982)

(e) Experimental drainage networks Baker (1990), Gomez and Mullen (1992), Howard (1988), Howard and McLane

(1988), Kochel, Howard and McLane (1985), Kochel and Piper (1986), Sakura,
Mochizuki and Kawasaki, (1987)

(f) Extra-terrestrial valley networks
Mars Baker and Kochel (1979), Carr (1980), Baker (1982, 1983, 1985, 1990), Baker et

al. (1992), Belderson (1983), Craddock and Maxwell (1993), El-Baz (1982),
Gulick and Baker (1990), Higgins (1982, 1983, 1984), Howard, Kochel and Holt
(1988), Kochel, Howard and McLane (1985), Kochel and Piper (1986), Laity,
Pieri and Malin, (1980), Mars Channel Working Group (1983), Milton (1973),
Pieri (1980), Pieri, Malin and Laity (1980), Sharp (1973), Sharp and Malin
(1985), Stiller (1983), Tanaka and Chapman (1992), Tanaka et al. (1998), Carr
and Malin (2000), Goldspiel and Squyres (2000), Gulick (2001), Aharonson et
al. (2002), Grant and Parker (2002), Luo (2002), Harrison and Grimm (2005),
Stepinski and Stepinski (2005) and Luo and Howard (2005, 2008)

simulations (e.g. Kochel and Piper, 1986; Howard and
McLane, 1988; Gomez and Mullen, 1992; Baker, 1990)
and computer modelling (Howard and Selby, 1994; Luo
and Howard, 2008; Howard and Selby, 2009). Most stream
table approaches use unconsolidated or semi-consolidated
sediments to allow the rapid development of drainage fea-
tures and are, as such, relatively limited in terms of their
applicability to valley development in bedrock settings.
Differences in experimental technique, particularly in the
variety of initial conditions used in stream table experi-
ments, limit the conclusions of these investigations. Field

has concentrated upon 'model' landscapes such as the
Colorado Plateau (see Box 16.1) where the observation
of groundwater erosion processes is relatively free from
other influences that would mask the effect of seepage
erosion (such as fluvial activity and extensive mass move-
ment; see Dunne, 1990). Nonetheless, some generalisa-
tions can be made on the operation of seepage erosion
processes. These observations, taken from studies in a
number of different environments, appear to hold for a
wide range of drainage network scale from beach mi-
crodrainage networks (Higgins, 1982) up to megascale