Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
bFGF
LIF
Insulin
Shp2
P
P
Frs2
Grb2
P
J
AK
Ras/Raf
P
P
P
P
PI3K
P
STAT3
MEK
P
P
IRS
PI3K
PD
03
PTEN
PTE
PTE
PIP3
CHIRON
PDK1
ERK
STAT3 STAT3
P
P
GSK3
b
AKT
MDM2
β
-Catenin
p53
p53
Tcf3
Figure 5.4 PGC signaling pathways.
and so are not considered pluripotent. Using the protocol established in
mice, EG cells have been reported in range of other species, including pigs,
goats, and buffalo (
Durcova-Hills & Surani, 2008
). Although some contri-
bution to chimeric animals has been achieved, EG cells derived by tradi-
tional means from mammals other than the mouse have not exhibited
germline transmission. Notably, a number of groups have reported deriva-
tion of EG cell-like colonies from pigs, suggesting that they may be a per-
missive species for future studies. It may be that using more modern culture
conditions (see below) it will be possible to derive EG cells capable of pro-
ducing high contribution chimeras, including access to the porcine germline
(
Alberio & Perez, 2012
). Human EG cells have been also been reported
(
Shamblott et al., 1998; Turnpenny et al., 2003
). However, although these
cultures express many pluripotency markers, they exhibit only limited pro-
liferative potential and therefore cannot be considered bona fide stem cells
(
Turnpenny et al., 2006
).
Recently, we have reported the derivation of germline-competent rat
EG cells (
Blair et al., 2012; Leitch et al., 2010
) utilizing the 2i culture system
