Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2008 FCX Clarity FCV
Vehicle curb mass (kg) 1,625
Fuel efficiency city/hwy/comb. 62/51/57
Fuel efficiency (mi/kg)
72
Range (miles)
190
PEM fuel cell rating (kW)
100
Hydrogen tank cap (gal)
45.7
Hydrogen tank (psi)
5,000
Lithium ion battery (V)
288
Figure 2.1 Honda Clarity fuel cell vehicle and specifications
commercial use of petroleum has likewise been reduced through conservation from
18% in 1973 to 6% in 2000. The transportation sector has remained unchanged.
However, as we saw in Chapter 1, transportation now accounts for approximately
the same CO
2
emissions as utility generating plants in the US.
Table 2.1 US and world transportation oil demand
Oil demand (million barrels per day)
2000
2050, base case
USA
19
44
Transportation
13
30
Light vehicles
8
16
Heavy vehicles
2
5
World
75
186
Transportation
30
170
Light vehicles
16
77
Heavy vehicles
8
50
Ratio (USA/world)
Light vehicles
50%
21%
Light + heavy
42%
17%
Example 1:
The USA consumes approximately 22 Mbbl/day of petroleum (oil) and
of this 14 Mbbl/day is imported. This amounts to the combined oil cargo of 11
supertankers each day at 2 Mbbl/tanker. The price to transport oil by supertanker is
approximately $11/ton of crude. How much does transportation cost increase the
pump price of a gallon of gasoline (or diesel) fuel in the US?
Assume a standard 42 gallons barrel (bbl) and light crude with density of 0.78.
Solution:
A barrel of light crude oil has a mass of (0.78 kg/L)(42 gallons/bbl)
(3.785 L/gallon) = 124 kg/bbl. A supertanker therefore transports a deadweight of
(2 Mbbl)(124 kg/bbl)(metric ton/1,000 kg) = 248,000 metric ton. The transportation
costs for 84 million gallons fuel is therefore ($11/ton)(248,000 ton) = $2.728M.
Hence, the transportation costs alone raise the pump price per gallon by
$2,728,000/84,000,000 = $0.0324.
