Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
0
10
20
30
40
PHEV electric range (mi)
50
60
70
80
90
100
NEC
<1%
of fuel
energy
SOC
Tests:
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7
T
8
CD cycles
CS cycles
Figure 1.48 Illustration of CD versus CS modes [18]
approach the true electric energy consumption to charge the RESS to Full is the ac
kWh at the charging station. This reasoning will also carry over to the BEV case as
a true measure of energy consumption.
1.9 Exercises
Q1:
A pulverized coal generating plant emits 950 g CO
2
/kWh electricity gen-
erated. Assuming 10% T&D losses and 100% efficiency in a PHEV charger
system and RESS, compute the CO
2
emissions at the coal plant per km
travelled by the PHEV.
A1:
165 g CO
2
/km
Q2:
Similar to Q1 but for an IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle)
generating plant that emits 150 g CO
2
/kWh generated. For the same vehicle,
compute the CO
2
emissions per km travelled by the PHEV.
A2:
26 g CO
2
/km
Q3:
Given the situations in Q1 and Q2 and the fact that in 2010 both PHEV and
BEV vehicles are at approximately the same level in technology develop-
ment while HEVs are becoming mature, what would a policy maker do first
to minimize overall CO
2
emissions?
Hint:
We know that pulverized coal plants prevail and that IGCC plants are at
development stage.
A3:
Promote widespread adoption of HEV. Then, when IGCC plants have high
penetration, move to mass adoption of PHEV and BEV.
Q4:
Repeat Example 5 for the case of a diesel fuelled vehicle of the same class
and for the same conditions. Use the density of diesel fuel as
r
= 0.85.
Q5:
In Example 5 the burning of gasoline in the ICE generates an equivalent of
8.79 kg CO
2
/gallon gasoline. This is a take-away factoid for future
