Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.15 PHEV and BEV conductive charging connection
Charge method
Nominal
voltage (V)
Maximum
current (A)
Branch circuit
breaker rating (A)
Maximum
Power (kW)
ac L1
Same
12
15
1.44
ac L1
Same
16
20
1.92
ac L2
Same
80
19.2
ac L3
Same
dc L1
200-450
80
19.2
dc L2
200-450
200
90
dc L3
200-600
400
240
These levels are further clarified by the SAE
7
in Table 1.15 excerpted from a
10 June 2010 task force presentation.
One manufacturer has designed a level 3 V2G car capable of 40 kW power
transfer. This is more than competitive with standby power generation using natural
gas fired ICEs for powering homes, commercial establishments or apartments. In
tests conducted for AC Propulsion by the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
El Monte emissions lab, it was found that non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and
CO of the hybrid vehicle (Prius) were well below the emissions of a Capstone
micro-turbine standby power unit or a combined cycle utility power plant. Table
1.16 illustrates the resulting emissions from this V2G mock-up.
Table 1.16 V2G emissions ( from Reference 19, Table 1)
Source
NMHC (g/kWh)
CO (g/kWh)
Prius hybrid on chassis rolls at 10 kW continuous
0.039
0.639
Combined cycle power plant
0.050
0.077
Capstone micro-turbine
0.077
0.603
Table 1.17 highlights the Euro 3 and Euro 4 emission limits for both diesel and
gasoline fuelled vehicles. This table lists GHG (carbon monoxide, CO, and hydro-
carbon, HC), oxides of nitrogen, NO
x
, and particulate matter, PM, levels.
From Table 1.17 it is apparent that HC + NO
x
and NO
x
for diesel fuelled
vehicles will come under increasing tighter emission regulations that will in turn
demand higher technology systems to purge the exhaust streams of these vehicles,
including HEV and PHEV. As a consequence the introduction of after treatment
technology, especially for diesel, continues to escalate as seen in Figure 1.41
showing a turbo charged Nissan Diesel engine, where dual particulate filter (DPF)
and selective catalytic reduction filter (SCR) are the chromed units to the left of the
turbo charger. The SCR unit comes with an auxiliary urea tank of several gallons
that must be filled each second or third fuelling of the vehicle.
7
SAE J1772 Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler Task Force.
