Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 10.1 Energy storage mediums and their relative ranking
Energy storage technology
Energy density -
gravimetric (J/kg)
Energy density -
volumetric (J/m
3
)
10
14
10
16
Nuclear fusion
3.4
2.37
10
12
10
17
Nuclear fission
2.89
1.0
10
7
10
10
Reformulated gasoline
4.4
3.3
10
7
10
10
Ideal battery (Li-F)
2.19
1.89
10
6
10
9
Fuel cell (Li-hydride)
9.2
8.6
10
5
10
8
Lead-acid battery
1.6
4.6
10
4
10
8
Flywheel
5.3
8.1
10
4
10
8
Compressed gas at 35 kpsi
10
3.0
10
3
10
6
Rubber spring
6.2
6.2
10
3
10
6
Electric field in mylar* capacitor
at
E
=
E
bd
= 16.5 kV/mi
4.3
6.0
10
3
10
4
Electric field in barium titanate
ceramic at 3 kV
2.5
1.5
10
3
10
4
Magnetic field dipole-dipole interaction
in iron at 2 T
2.0
2.4
*High pulse power electrostatic energy storage mediums consist of polycarbonate (dielectric constant =
3.2 and dielectric strength = 5 kV/mi), fluorene polyester (FPE, dielectric constant = 3.4 and dielectric
strength = 10 kV/mi) and diamond-like carbon (DLC, dielectric constant = 3.5 and dielectric strength =
25 kV/mi). The energy storage density of these electrostatic mediums is
>
1
10
3
,
>
2
10
3
and
>
4
10
3
J/kg, respectively.
10.1 Battery systems
The world battery market is approximately a $30B business, 30% of which is
devoted to motive power applications in the form of starting-lighting-ignition
(SLI) batteries ($3B market) and the remainder to primary cells and sealed
rechargeable cells. Global lithium ion battery market is some $8B in 2009 with
over 2.8B small format cells sold annually. In 2009 the total market for large
format hybrid electric vehicle nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries was $1B
worldwide for a gross market of some 815,000 hybrid vehicles. The hybrid vehicle
breakdown by company in 2009 was Toyota Motor Co. 580,000, Honda Motor Co.
180,000, Ford Motor Co. ~30,000, General Motors ~15,000 and Nissan ~10,000.
Taking the ratio of NiMH battery market to total hybrid vehicles sold in 2009 yields
a pack price of $1,200/vehicle on average. Projections are for the lithium ion bat-
tery market for hybrid electrics of all configurations to grow from a very minor
market in 2010 to $1B in 2015. Where it took 12 years for the NiMH market to
reach $1B globally, it is expected that Li ion will reach this level in 5 years.
A battery is a collection of electrochemical cells that convert chemical energy
directly to electrical energy via an isothermal process having a fixed supply of
reactants. The battery is self-contained and generally has constant energy density
for the particular choice of active materials. We can view the battery as illustrated
in Figure 10.1 to consist of an anode, cathode and electrolyte in a suitable
