Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
$200
$250
% CO
2
$150
Engine actions
to reduce emissions
% CO
2
% CO
2
2,500
$100
% CO
2
2,000
HCCI
1,500
$50
ICE optimization
1,000
% CO
2
e-Turbo
GDI
Cyl-deact
EVA
500
Thermal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
CO
2
reduction (%)
Figure 1.11 Engine optimization actions to reduce CO
2
emissions
Vehicle electrification
to reduce emissions
$300
%
15,000
PHEV - 2010
BEV
$250
REV
12,000
%
$200
9,000
%
$150
PHEV
2020
%
6,000
$100
%
Strong
HEV
Adv
diesel
3,000
CNG
$50
Mild
HEV
1,500
HCCI
%
Micro
HEV
Engine opt
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CO
2
reduction (%)
Figure 1.12 Vehicle electrification actions to reduce CO
2
emissions
However, there are pressing issues of storage and infrastructure for all these
alternative fuels and especially the energy carriers. The overarching need then is
how to supply energy for 10
10
people in 2050. Hydrogen generation, distribution
and storage remain questionable. The better option remains electricity generation,
distribution and storage, along with a better battery.
Example 1:
Compute the power plant CO
2
emissions that are the result of a 40 mi
daily commute in a PHEV vehicle with a specific consumption of 250 Wh/mi and
100% driveline efficiency. Assume transmission and distribution (T&D) losses at
