Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Following this product introduction, the company introduced a hybrid SUV,
the Chevrolet Equinox, in 2006. The Equinox is equipped with a CVT transmission
so the system may be similar to Toyota's THS-C. GM also introduced hybrid
passenger vehicles beginning in 2007 with its hybrid Chevy Malibu. Also in 2007,
GM introduced the first hybrid full size SUVs - a hybrid Tahoe and Yukon. Both of
these vehicles are in the 5,200 pound class so the ac drives will most likely be at
100 kW plus power levels. Figure 1.9 is the ParadiGM hybrid propulsion system
concept that uses twin electric machines in an architecture that permits power split
like performance yet accommodates electric drive air conditioning with one of the
M/Gs when the vehicle is at rest in idle-stop mode. Typically, cabin climate control
in summer months in hybrid passenger vehicles is not available unless the engine is
running. The ParadiGM system changes that constraint by making dual use of one
of the M/Gs in much the same way that Toyota does on its THS-M class of hybrids
(M for mild as in 42 V hybrid).
Figure 1.9 General Motors ParadiGM hybrid propulsion system and 2-mode
eCVT [4]
Nissan Motor Co. introduced their capacitor hybrid truck, a 4 ton commercial
delivery vehicle based on a parallel diesel-electric hybrid propulsion system [7]. A
prototype of the capacitor hybrid was designed in 2000 that used an I4, 4.6 L CIDI
with purely hydraulic valve actuation running the Miller cycle. The engine pro-
duced 55 kW and was used to drive a 51 kW permanent magnet synchronous
generator. Propulsion was provided by twin 75 kW synchronous motors. The ultra-
capacitor pack was rated 1,310 Wh and weighted 194 kg. In a more recent incar-
nation, the Condor capacitor hybrid truck is derived from that prototype but uses a
346 V, 583 Wh, 60 kW ultra-capacitor built in-house at Nissan's Ageo factory. The
Condor capacitor hybrid is designed to meet the demands of in-city deliver routes
of up to 2.4M cycles of braking and stop-go traffic during its expected 600,000 km
lifetime. Testing validates a 50% improvement in fuel consumption and reduction
in CO by 33%.
Fuel cell hybrids are now available in limited production quantities. Honda
Motor Co. has begun selling fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) for city use in Los
Angeles where 5 vehicles were delivered in 2002 and 30 more in the next 5 years.
