Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Supervisory
control
Energy
storage
C1
C3
Flywheel
Power
inverter
e-mtr
C2
CVT trans.
& FD
Figure 2.38 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology flywheel CVT hybrid
The supervisory controller operates the ICE, CVT, M/G and clutches for
proper operation in the four hybrid modes. The controller also monitors the energy
storage system, power inverter and ICE for state of charge (available energy),
inverter modulation settings and engine power.
2.7 Ultra-capacitor-only vehicles
There is growing interest in the application of carbon-carbon symmetric and
asymmetric ultra-capacitors as the main energy storage component in hybrid
vehicles - primarily for heavy transportation such as transit bus, metro or subway
and light rail. The reason is that most of these vehicles are route following and can
have infrastructure for charging stations along the route, at minimum one at the
beginning and one at the terminus. Across the globe municipal transit authorities
(MTA) have invested in various efficiency optimization options including biofuel
and compressed natural gas (CNG), diesel power plants to hydrogen fuelled and
recently to batteries, hybrid electric diesel and most recently ultra-capacitor energy
storage buses. The following sections look at each of these in somewhat more detail.
2.7.1 Catenary powered vehicles with ultra-capacitors
A US and Chinese venture company Sinautec Automotive Technologies 7 has
developed an ultra-capacitor-only powered transit bus that relies on overhead
catenary lines (dual lines for safety) that charge the bus at each stop. Along
the route the bus can navigate for several kilometres on energy from the ultra-
capacitor-only RESS. The transit bus is of course a series electric. Figure 2.39
illustrates the Sinautec bus at a stop.
For charging from the catenary, the bus must be positioned directly below the
pair of overhead lines and its pantograph raised to make connection. At the bus stop
a utility 480 V ac , 3-phase service with appropriate switchgear energizes an ac/dc
7 Linked with Shanghai Aoweii Technology Development Company.
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