Multilevel governance and Coproduction in urban Flood-risk management - Climate Change Adaptation and Development: Transforming Paradigms and Practices - page 128

in the local management of flood risks, water resources and land. Expansion
of housing in the informal areas we studied is mostly unplanned. Local
development planning at ward/sub-ward levels generally involves drawing up
'wish' lists of relatively insignificant local development projects that tend to end
up not being funded.
There are land-use zones identified as prone to flood hazard and not to
be settled or built on, such as in Bonde la Mpunga and Suna, identified in
the Master Plan from 1979. But this is not respected in practice by the local
people or by government officials. There are few or no specific legal covenants
for planning or for building codes (for example in the NAPA 2007). An old
zoning rule in the Master Plan stipulates that no house may be built closer than
60 m to a river or from the coastline (tourist hotels exempted). But according
to a planner in MLHHSD 'this is not adhered to … take the example of Suna'.
Even so, this rule has been kept in the new Master Plan; this shows, according
to this planner that 'the new Master Plan does consider climate-change issues'
(interview, MLHHSD decision-maker/planner, 4 June 2012). However, this
reference to flood-risk zones, based on some recent maps, is a relatively minor
reflection of the climate-change issue (Kiunsi 2013; Moss et al. 2012; URT
2011).
Overall, the combined state-municipal planning system has not been
successful as regards strategic planning or with detailed land-use planning
and management (Herslund et al. 2012; Vedeld et al. 2012; Kombe and
Kreibich 2006). Close to 80 per cent of the residents of Dar es Salaam live in
unplanned or informal settlements, generally lacking such infrastructure and
services as storm drains and basic sanitation facilities. CLUVA researchers have
identified some 20 of the total 150 informal settlements in the city as extremely
vulnerable to flooding, given current rainfall and social patterns (Kiunsi 2013;
John et al. 2012). As noted, expansion of housing in informal areas is mostly
unplanned. The Master Plan was prepared without much citizen or private-
sector participation, as is also generally the case with land-use plans (Vedeld et
al. 2012; Kombe and Kreibich 2006). For example, one senior urban planner in
MLHHSD commented that the MLHHSD took over master planning from
the City Council, arguing that the municipality 'is not technically very strong'
and 'does not have the budget' to do the work. 'Everything regarding the Master
Plan is done by the Ministry.' He reported that the municipalities 'only have one
or two engineers and planners, and lack capacity and competence and finance'
(interview, MLHHSD planner, 5 June 2012).
Unsuccessful integration and weak coproduction in lood-risk
management
The case of Bonde la Mpunga shows that public agencies and officials are not
capable of encouraging or mobilizing high levels of citizen input into the local
management of flood risks and related land-use conflicts. Bonde la Mpunga