Multilevel governance and Coproduction in urban Flood-risk management - Climate Change Adaptation and Development: Transforming Paradigms and Practices - page 121

• coordination mechanisms (vertical and/or horizontal)
• early warning systems and emergency response systems
• land-use principles that are enforced
• operational resettlement programmes
• drainage and storm-water infrastructure in place
• sound watershed and environmental management to ensure drainage or
buffers for storm water.
Multilevel governance, coproduction and network governance
The focus on multilevel governance captures the interplay between actors, levels
and sectors of government in addressing complex and cross-cutting public policy
challenges ('wicked problems'), as well as the interface of government officials
with citizen groups and private actors (in coproduction or disengagement and
conflict) (Bulkeley 2013; Osborne 2010, Peters 2008; Betsill and Bulkeley 2007;
Ostrom 2005; Bache and Flinders 2004). Network governance theory is an element
of multilevel governance and has been applied mainly in studies of Western
democracies and developed countries (Sorensen and Torfing 2014 and 2009;
Weber and Khademian 2008); more recently within the field of adaptation to
climate change (Bulkeley 2013 and 2010; Pelling 2011; OECD 2009). The
related concept and theory of coproduction has to greater degree than network
governance informed studies on service delivery in developing countries (Ostrom
2005). Coproduction is defined as 'the process through which inputs used to
produce a good or service are contributed by individuals who are not “in” the
same organization' (Ostrom 1996:1074).
In this chapter, we apply theory from these areas to explain the integration of
adaptation in urban governance (or lack of such), while we also draw implications
from the case-study analysis for governance and coproduction theory and for the
conceptual discussions about resilience and resilient cities. The integration of
climate adaptation policies is assessed with the help of a multilevel governance
framework (see Bulkeley 2013; Kern and Alber 2009). We refer to ideal modes
of governance which relate to a specific set of processes and techniques that
municipal authorities deploy: municipal self-governing, provisioning, regulation
and enabling. Beyond these, both state and private/civil society actors interact
and condition municipal actions from above and from below, through multilevel
government or governance arrangements. In Africa there are many variants of
'community' or 'public-private' modes of governing at the local level (Crook and
Booth 2011; de Sardan 2011). Each of these processes relies on different forms
of governing capacity or powers, mandates and resources for pursuing climate
policies in governance (Betsill and Bulkeley 2007).