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exposed to international climate-adaptation programmes and new knowledge, as
in Saint Louis in Senegal (Vedeld et al. 2012). This may also be a result of more
genuine autonomous action by entrepreneurial planners who have recognized
the need to address climate risks on a broad scale, as in Durban (Roberts and
O'Donoghue 2013).
Overall, our findings resonate with the call in the international literature
for a stronger mandate and more resources to the city and sub-city levels for
adaptation and response to future climate risks - to be provided by a more
supportive national government that will take responsibility at central and
regional levels (Bicknell et al. 2010; Satterthwaite et al. 2010). This would
enhance the power, authority and legitimacy of the municipality to act on
climate change. It is the city government that needs to bring coherence to agendas
that in the past have been addressed without coordination, as with development,
climate-change adaptation and disaster-risk management (Bulkeley 2013 and
2010; Satterthwaite 2011).
analytical framework - assumptions about multilevel
governance
Our analytical framework brings together theories from multilevel governance ,
coproduction and related network governance theory , and resilient cities .
Analytically, we delimit our analysis to the study of how traditional state
command-and-control forms of governance in vertical coordination (hierarchical
steering) are combined with or enable more soft forms of governing where
government officials actively enable (or obstruct) high levels of citizen
participation in local adaptation and flood-risk management, through forms
of coproduction (Ostrom 1996 and 2005). This is perceived as a key governance
challenge in Tanzania, as the state has remained a relatively dominant actor
in urban governance and is not considered particularly participatory in its
approaches to service delivery (Kiunsi 2013; Vedasto and Mrema 2013; Vedeld
et al. 2012; Kombe and Kreibich 2006; Keyssi 2002). Especially at local level, we
analyse the integration of adaptation in local governance and, hence, in horizontal
coordination (Kern and Alber 2009; OECD 2009; Peters 2008).
Resilience
Resilience has risen to prominence within academic and political discourses on
climate change as a means for understanding and managing complex systems
(including cities) confronted by climate risks and uncertainties ('wicked
problems') (Satterthwaite and Dodman 2013; Welsh 2013). Within the literature
on climate adaptation, the resilience discourse is linked with contemporary
governmental and governance discourses about the sharing of responsibilities
between state and non-state actors for risk management, and conditions for
change towards a new, more sustainable system state. This inherently normative
 
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