LABEL-FREE MONITORING OF CELL SIGNALLING PROCESSES THROUGH AFM-BASED FORCE MEASUREMENTS - Life at the Nanoscale: Atomic Force Microscopy of Live Cells - page 363

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 17.8. (a) AFM measurements of the stimulation of individual cells through (a)
the toll-like receptor by the bacterial endotoxin LPS (100 μM), (b) the ligand-gated ion
channel ryanodine by caffeine (1 μM) in HEK-293 cells and (c) the exposition of the
U251 glioblastoma cell line to the ionophore ionomycin (1 μM).

References

1. Asphahani, F., and Zhang, M. (2007) Cellular impedance biosensors for drug

screening and toxin detection, Analyst , 132 , 835-841.

2. Ciambrone, G. J., Liu, V. F., Lin, D. C., McGuinness, R. P., Leung, G. K., and Pitchford,

S. (2004) Cellular dielectric spectroscopy: a powerful new approach to label-
free cellular analysis, J. Biomol. Screen. , 9 , 467-480.