Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
joining
Manipulating data to combine
two or more tables.
information center
A support
function that provides users with
assistance, training, application
development, documentation,
equipment selection and setup,
standards, technical assistance, and
troubleshooting.
integration testing
Testing all related
systems together.
joint application development
(JAD)
A process for data collection
and requirements analysis in which
users, stakeholders, and IS professionals
work together to analyze existing
systems, propose possible solutions, and
define the requirements of a new or
modified system.
intellectual property
Includes works
of the mind such as books, films, music,
processes, and software, which are
distinct somehow and are owned and/
or created by a single entity.
information service unit
A miniature
IS department.
intelligence stage
The first stage of
decision making, in which potential
problems or opportunities are
identified and defined.
information system (IS)
A set of
interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, store, and disseminate data
and information and provide a feedback
mechanism to meet an objective.
just-in-time (JIT) inventory
A
philosophy of inventory management
in which inventory and materials are
delivered just before they are used in
manufacturing a product.
intelligent agent
Programs and a
knowledge base used to perform a
specific task for a person, a process, or
another program; also called
intelligent
robot
or
bot
.
information systems literacy
Knowledge of how data and
information are used by individuals,
groups, and organizations.
kernel
The heart of the operating
system, which controls the most critical
processes.
intelligent behavior
The ability to
learn from experiences and apply
knowledge acquired from experience,
handle complex situations, solve
problems when important information
is missing, determine what is
important, react quickly and correctly
to a new situation, understand visual
images, process and manipulate
symbols, be creative and imaginative,
and use heuristics.
key
A field or set of fields in a record
that is used to identify the record.
information systems planning
Translating strategic and organizational
goals into systems development
initiatives.
key-indicator report
A summary of
the previous day's critical activities;
typically available at the beginning of
each workday.
infrared transmission
A wireless
communications technology that
operates at a frequency of 300 GHz and
above that requires line-of-sight
transmission and operates over short
distances—such as a few yards.
knowledge
The awareness and
understanding of a set of information
and ways that information can be made
useful to support a specific task or reach
a decision.
internal auditing
Auditing performed
by individuals within the organization.
input
The activity of gathering and
capturing raw data.
Internet
The world's largest computer
network, consisting of thousands of
interconnected networks, all freely
exchanging information.
knowledge acquisition facility
Part
of the expert system that provides
convenient and efficient means of
capturing and storing all the
components of the knowledge base.
insider
An employee, disgruntled or
otherwise, working solo or in concert
with outsiders to compromise corporate
systems.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A
communication standard that enables
traffic to be routed from one network
to another as needed.
knowledge base
A component of an
expert system that stores all relevant
information, data, rules, cases, and
relationships used by the expert system.
installation
The process of physically
placing the computer equipment on the
site and making it operational.
Internet service provider (ISP)
Any
company that provides Internet access
to people or organizations.
instant messaging
A method that
allows two or more people to
communicate online using the Internet.
knowledge engineer
A person who
has training or experience in the design,
development, implementation, and
maintenance of an expert system.
intranet
An internal network based on
Web technologies that allows people
within an organization to exchange
information and work on projects.
institutional DSS
A DSS that handles
situations or decisions that occur more
than once, usually several times per year
or more. An institutional DSS is used
repeatedly and refined over the years.
knowledge user
The person or group
who uses and benefits from the expert
system.
intrusion detection system (IDS)
Software that monitors system and
network resources and notifies network
security personnel when it senses a
possible intrusion.
LCD display
Flat display that uses
liquid crystals—organic, oil-like
material placed between two
polarizers—to form characters and
graphic images on a backlit screen.
instruction time (I-time)
The time it
takes to perform the fetch-instruction
and decode-instruction steps of the
instruction phase.
Java
An object-oriented programming
language from Sun Microsystems based
on C++ that allows small programs
(applets) to be embedded within an
HTML document.
integrated development environment
(IDE)
A development approach that
combines the tools needed for
programming with a programming
language into one integrated package.
learning systems
A combination of
software and hardware that allows the
computer to change how it functions or
reacts to situations based on feedback it
receives.
