Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
O
N
+
1
V
R
V
N
N
V
N
−1
O
N
V
m
O
m
+
1
1
m
V
m
−1
O
m
O
N
+
1
V
n
O
n
+1
Reflux
D
Extract
product
n
V
n
−1
O
n
V
f
O
f
+1
F
f
V
f
−1
O
f
V
2
O
3
2
V
1
O
2
1
V
0
O
1
Solvent makeup
Figure 5.19
Countercurrent extraction with reflux.
extract reflux. Extract reflux, as shown in Figure 5.19, is used most often for systems
where the solute is only partially miscible with the extracting solvent.
Extract reflux involves taking part of the exiting extract stream and changing it into
a raffinate phase by removing solvent and returning this raffinate phase to the col-
umn. The solvent is usually removed by distillation, but can be removed by other
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