Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
chapter 8
Effects of the cultivation
of genetically modified Bt crops
on nontarget soil organisms
Tanya E. Cheeke
Portland State University
Contents
8.2
Bt
crops ................................................................................................................................ 156
8.2.1 How
Bt
crops are genetically engineered .......................................................... 157
8.3 Fate and persistence of
Bt
protein in soil........................................................................ 160
8.4 Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
plants on nontarget soil organisms............................ 161
8.4.1 Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops on soil bacteria........................................ 161
8.4.1.1 Research recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on soil bacteria......................................................................................... 176
8.4.2 Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops on soil fungi ............................................ 177
8.4.2.1 Research recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on soil fungi ............................................................................................. 186
8.4.3.1 Research
recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on protozoa and nematodes .................................................................. 194
8.4.4 Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops on earthworms ....................................... 194
8.4.4.1 Research recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on earthworms ........................................................................................ 198
8.4.5.1 Research recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on microarthropods................................................................................ 203
8.4.6 Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops on nontarget Lepidopteran larvae
and aquatic insects ................................................................................................ 203
8.4.6.1 Research recommendations: Effects of the cultivation of
Bt
crops
on nontarget Lepidopteran larvae and aquatic insects ..................... 211
8.6 Can
Bt
crops have a role in sustainable agroecosystems? ........................................... 213
153
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