Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Tabl e 6. 4
Dialog states used in the kiosk dialog manager, after [ 16 ]
State
Domain value
Salutation
0D null; 1 D greeting; 2 D closing
Origin
0 D unknown; 1 D requested; 2 D known
Destination
0 D unknown; 1 D requested; 2 D known
NumTuples
0 D null; 1 = one; 2 D more-than-one
Instructions
0 D unknown; 1 D known; 2 D provided
UserUtterance
0 D unknown; 1 D parsed; 2 D unparsed; 3 D spotted
MoreInstructions
0 D null; 1 D empty; 2 D yes; 3 D no
8
<
opening if s 2f 0000000 g
request if s 2f 1000000; 1000012 g
other_request if s 2f 1220210; 1220220 g
query_route
if s 2f 1220210; 1220220; 1110030; 1210030;
1220030; 1211030; 1221030 g
p.s/ D
present_info
if s 2f 1221110; 1221130 g
:
if s 2f 1112100; 1112030; 1212030; 1222211; 1222231 g
clarify
apologize
if s 2f 1110020; 1210020; 1220220; 1210210 g
confirm
if s 2f 1112010; 1112030 g
closing
if s 2f 1 3 g
wait
otherwise
(6.1)
In an user evaluation, this fallback to keyword spotting turned out to be extremely
useful since the parser often failed to parse a sentence properly. There is a wide
variety of ways of asking for a location, often with ungrammatical structure
(something the parser does not take well), or words missing from the lexicon against
which the parser operates. The keyword spotter, however, correctly identified the
addressed location in almost all cases the parser failed, such that in the end only
about 3 % of utterances were not understood by the kiosk system. This shows
again that understanding landmark references is much harder than producing them,
and that a comprehensive knowledge base is invaluable in understanding landmark
references.
The SpaceBook tourist guide [ 38 ] also employs a geographic restriction of
context supporting only requests about Edinburgh. Being mobile, the system also
exploits users' current location and their pace. Based on this information, the system
pushes potentially interesting POIs to the user ('near you is the statue of David
Hume'). While users may still ask about other geographic objects or information
about Edinburgh (and the system does not restrict this), pushing POIs makes it
highly likely that users will request more information about them. This would offer
another option of working around the issues listed aboveā€”in this case, however, this
was not the authors' intention. POIs are being pushed to inform the user, a tourist,
about interesting facts about Edinburgh.
 
 
 
 
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