Communication Aspects: How Landmarks Enrich the Communication Between Human and Machine - Landmarks: GIScience for Intelligent Services - page 181

Fig. 6.4 A prototype multimodal route guidance interface [ 70 ]

6.2.2 Producing Graphical Landmark References

Now let us turn to producing landmarks in a graphical form. Unfortunately, there has
not been much work done on a dedicated production of graphical landmark displays.
Commercial (in-car) navigation services often depict POIs on their maps, or at least
offer the option to do so. However, as argued before in this topic, they cannot really
function as landmarks. Curiously, while WhereIs produces references to landmarks
in its verbal instructions, the accompanying route map does not highlight these
landmarks. The Bremen kiosk system in one of its iterations depicted landmarks as
part of a multi-modal presentation of route information. But this has been a rather
ad-hoc solution basically labeling those polygons that represent objects mentioned
in the description, while not labeling other object polygons. This research has
never been published or pursued any further. There has been some preliminary
unpublished work in relation to the OpenLandmarks idea [ 70 ] , where both the
location of a referenced landmark on a moving-dot map as well as a photograph of
that landmark were shown as part of multi-modal instructions (see Fig. 6.4 ) . Again,
this is work in its earliest stages.
Elias et al. [ 26 ] discussed adequate depictions of landmarks on maps. This
is a general discussion not regarding an attached landmark production system.
Their analysis is from a cartographic perspective and provides some guidelines for
including landmarks on a map. In their analysis, they distinguish different ways
of referring to a building, namely either using a shop's name (McDonalds, H&M,