Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 36.11 Summary of Decision-Making Barriers
Decision Requirements Category
Barriers
Building and maintaining SA
Information presented on separate map-boards
Map-boards separated by location, furniture, and personnel
System of overlays archaic and cumbersome
Over-reliance upon memory while switching between maps
Erroneous communication
Managing information
Sending irrelevant messages
Inexperienced personnel used to route information
Commanders critical information requirements (CCIR)
concept misapplied
Deciding on a plan
Communication systems unreliable
Too many personnel to coordinate information with
Source: Adapted from Klein, G. (2000). In J. M. Schraagen, S. F. Chipman, and V. L. Shalin (Eds), Cognitive
Task Analysis, pp. 417-431. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. With permission.
normally conducted prior to interviews with the system personnel involved. Techniques such as CDM,
ACTA, and CWA utilize interview and observational techniques during their application. Interview and
observational techniques can also be used either alone or in conjunction with other techniques as part of
a CTA effort.
36.7 Summary and Recommendations for CTA in C4i Systems
In summary, the methods review highlighted a number of pertinent issues regarding CTA in C4i systems.
These issues are summarized as follows:
1. Lack of published work regarding CTA applications in C4i environments — There is a lack of
published work regarding CTA applications in C4i environments.
2. Lack of a standardized CTA approach — An universally accepted CTA technique is yet to emerge
in the general HF research community. There are a huge number of CTA techniques available,
and while a small minority are the most popular (CDM, CWA, etc.), a standardized technique
is yet to emerge.
3. CTA techniques using traditional knowledge elicitation techniques (interviews, observations) are the
most commonly used — The methods review revealed that the most commonly used CTA tech-
niques are those that utilize traditional knowledge elicitation techniques such as interviews
and observations. Techniques such as CDM (Klein, 2000) and CWA (Rasmussen et al., 1994)
are currently the most popular CTA approaches.
4. High cost of CTA analyses — One of the major problems associated with the application of CTA
techniques is the high cost involved. CTA analyses are expensive, time consuming, and require a
number of experienced personnel.
5. Lack of guidance regarding selection and usage of CTA techniques — It is apparent that there is a
distinct lack of guidance for HF practitioners in the selection and application of the most appro-
priate CTA technique. Although CTA analyses are required for a number of purposes (perform-
ance evaluation, design evaluation, development of training procedures, allocation of function)
there is limited guidance regarding the appropriateness of the various techniques available. Simi-
larly, once the appropriate technique is selected, there is typically little guidance regarding the
application of the technique.
6. Lack of adequately qualified
experienced personnel — According to Seamster et al. (2000), the use
of CTA techniques has been limited due to a limited availability of adequately qualified research-
ers (as well as the high financial and time costs). Shute et al. (2000) also point out that a vast
number of appropriately skilled personnel are required if a CTA is to be conducted properly.
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