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techniques and their associated source(s), author(s), and availability. For the purposes of this review,
the following categories were used to determine the availability of the techniques identified in the
literature review:
1. Off the shelf — includes CTA techniques that can be purchased at a financial cost. Once purchased
the technique can be used freely by the owner(s)
2. Proprietary — includes CTA techniques that have been developed by HF consultancies and other
organizations. For a financial cost, the creators will conduct a CTA analysis using the technique in
question
3. Free — includes CTA techniques that are freely available in the public domain and can be used
without the author's permission
4. Software — includes software-based CTA techniques and add-ons that can be purchased at a
financial cost
The result of this initial literature review was a database of over 50 CTA techniques. The CTA technique
database is presented in Table 36.1.
TABLE 36.1 CTA Technique Database and Descriptions
Technique
Source
Availability
Applied cognitive task analysis (ACTA)
Militello and Hutton (2000)
Free
Activity sampling
Various
Free
Applied cognitive work analysis (ACWA)
www.ctaresource.com
Free
APEX
www.andrew.cmu.edu
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apex
Software tool
/
/
/
index.html
ATLAS
www.humaneng.co.uk
Software tool
Cognitive analysis tool (CAT)
www.ctaresource.com
Software tool
Critical decision method (CDM)
Klein et al. (1989),
www.decisionmaking.com
Free and proprietary
Critical incident technique (CIT)
Flanagan (1954)
Free
The Cloze technique
www.ctaresource.com
Free
Cognitive walkthrough
Polson et al. (1992)
Free and proprietary
Cognitive work analysis (CWA)
Vicente (1999)
Free
Cognitive objects within a graphical
environment (COGENT)
Zachary et al. (2000)
Software tool
Cognition as a network of tasks (COGNET)
www.ctaresource.com
Software tool
Concept mapping
www.ctaresource.com
Free
Content analysis
www.ctaresource.com
Free
Cognitively oriented task analysis (COTA)
DuBois and Shalin (2000)
Free and proprietary
Cognitive systems engineering (CSE)
www.csecenter.dk
Free and proprietary
Cognitive task load analysis (CTLA)
Neerincx (2003)
Free
Decompose, network and assess method (DNA) Shute et al. (2000)
Software tool
Team decision requirements exercise (DRX)
Klinger and Hahn (2004)
Free and proprietary
Event tree analysis
Kirwan and Ainsworth (1992)
Free
Storyboarding
Various
Free
Functional analysis system technique (FAST)
Software tool
Goals, operators, methods and selection rules
(GOMS)
Card et al. (1983)
Free and proprietary
Hierarchical task analysis (HTA)
Annett et al. (1971)
Free proprietary
HTA(T) — team hierarchical task analysis
Annett (2004)
Free and proprietary
IGEN
www.ctaresource.com
Software tool
Interviews
Various
Free and proprietary
(Table continued)
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