Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
have proposed using imaging methods to derive knee anthropometric features that could be used to
optimize knee pad design (Pellmann and Thumler, 1992). Moreover, the pads also have to be evaluated
for their impact on comfort and performance of nonkneeling tasks; for example, tasks that require
standing and walking. This is important for individuals who work in a variety of low extremity
postures throughout the day. If the knee pads do not accommodate walking and standing, for example,
they will likely not be used where they should be.
Ringen et al. (1995) report of a new tool to reduce the knee and back trauma in those who tie rebar
rods together in preparation for pouring concrete. No longer will concrete workers need to kneel or stoop
for extended periods to interconnect the iron rods as this tool allows the operator to work in a standing
posture.
Powered carpet stretching tools are available to remove the repeated trauma experienced by carpet
layers. Village et al. (1993) have provided design guidelines for improved carpet stretching devices.
However, the widespread implementation of improved devices depends upon educating flooring
workers on the trade-offs between the additional time necessary to operate the tool and the knee dis-
orders associated with the conventional technique.
29.4 Summary
Ergonomics texts historically have focused relatively little attention on the prevention of lower extremity
disorders or the accommodation of individuals returning to work whom have experienced a lower extre-
mity disorder. In part this may be due to lesser appreciation of the frequency and severity of occupational
lower extremity disorders. Unlike many back or upper extremity disorders, which have their origins in
the repeated stresses placed on muscular, tendinous, and ligamentous tissues, many of the occupational
lower extremity disorders occur through direct compression of the body tissues by a surface in the
environment. As a result the occupational lower extremity disorders often involve cartilaginous tissue
and bone. Therefore, accommodation and prevention of these disorders occur primarily through the
optimization of the body's contact with surfaces in the environment. This chapter, in addition to high-
lighting some of the epidemiological findings relevant to occupational lower extremity disorders, has
reviewed some of the more common intervention pathways available.
References
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