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of injury have also been studied. Clearly, more work needs to be done in this area, particularly regarding
the physiological response to long-term repetitive loading. The findings to date indicate that eccentric
muscle actions result in muscle damage and recovery from this injury can require upto 1 month.
Increasing the biomechanical exposure such as force, number of repetitions, and range of motion can
exacerbate the magnitude of injury response. Increased age can also increase injury susceptibility.
The encouraging news is that training can reduce the injurious response and adaptation can take
place, particularly if the appropriate rest intervals are included. There are biomarkers currently being
studied that may indicate the evidence of myofiber injury that have the appropriate level of sensitivity
and specificity needed for occupational monitoring. The area of soft-tissue pathomechanics can
provide a wealth of information that will be of value to ergonomists and occupational health
professionals in the quest to reduce the incidence of occupational musculoskeletal disorders.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Kris Krajnak for her contributions in cellular biology, Oliver Wirth for
his contributions in volitional models, and Steve Alway, Robert Mercer, and Aaron Schopper for their
constructive comments.
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