Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 13.2 Kinetic Variables that can be Calculated Using Two and Three-Dimensional Rigid
Link Segment Models Partnered with a Lumbar Joint Biomechanical Model
Model
Variable Type
Anatomical Description
Two-dimensional (2D)
Moment (Nm s)
Flexion
/
Extension
Reaction forces (N s)
Compression
Anterior
/
Posterior shear
Joint forces (N s)
Compression
Anterior
/
Posterior shear
Three-dimensional (3D)
Moments (Nm s)
Flexion
/
Extension
Lateral bend
Axial twist
Reaction forces (N s)
Compression
Anterior
/
Posterior shear
Medial
/
Lateral shear
Joint forces (N s)
Compression
Anterior
/
Posterior shear
Medial
/
Lateral shear
models partition net joint moments into tissue forces that are anatomically and biomechanically
modeled.
While the number of variables has been listed as 5 and 9, for two- and three-dimensional models,
respectively, if the initially stated rationale for choosing a variable is considered, namely that the variable
should be linked to injury mechanics, the number of variables becomes eight for a two-dimensional
FIGURE 13.16 Sample output from 3DMatch, (Callaghan et al., 2003) which provides a frame by frame force-
time history for net joint moments (b), joint shear (c) and compression (d) for a task as well as the
cumulative exposure (a). The horizontal bars on the shear (c) and compression (d) outputs represent acute
exposure TLVs.
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