Civil Engineering Reference
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have resources available for and, which will generate the type of information needed to inform the itera-
tive design.
The other methods mentioned by Maguire (2001), which relate more to processes for generating initial
prototypes include brainstorming, parallel design, and the use of design guidelines and standards.
Table 7.4 provides operational definitions for these nine design activities.
7.3.2.6.4 For Consideration in UCD: Standards and Guidelines
Perhaps more clear than the typical interpretation of the work system models to guide design decisions,
designers can also use established standards and guidelines to help constrain and define design decisions.
Standards are documented agreements on technical specifications, aimed at ensuring quality control and
abiding legislation or regulations related to design (Sherehiy et al., 2005). Standards may be international,
national and regional with international standards being the most expansive (Sherehiy et al., 2005).
Sherehiy et al. (2005) in their extensive account of human factors and ergonomics standards, summarize
ergonomic standards put forth by the ISO, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the
International Labor Organization, (ILO), the U.S. Government, the Occupation Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and other standards
created at the state level as well as by individual organizations.
These standards, while all focus on human factors and ergonomics also deal with a range of human
capabilities and environments providing instructions for dealing with the physical world and interface
design. For example, in terms of user interface standards, a number of conventions have been developed.
TABLE 7.4 Methods for Transitioning between RE and Design Production
Method
Description
Design Initiators
Brainstorming
The collective generation of creative design ideas by design and
task experts useful for the initial design when little
information is available
Parallel design
Groups separately generate design solutions to the same problem
to give more variety to the solutions that are considered
Design guidelines and standards
Review of legal requirements and style guides in the generation of
design alternatives
Design to Prototype Catalysts
Affinity diagrams
A technique suggested in contextual design, sticky notes, create
representation of the organization of screens or functions
from the user's perspective
Card sorting
Users arrange card with relevant design terms written on them
into grouping analyzed for common patterns for the
hierarchical organization of information and functions in a
design
Types of Prototypes
Storyboarding
Images
Illustrations depict a scenario of design use explaining
input and output exchanges between the user and the design
/
Paper prototyping
Paper-based simulation of interface for evaluation with the user
Wizard-of-Oz prototyping
The user interacts with the front-end or interface of a design and
a hidden developer acts as a “wizard”, providing the relevant
output to the user's actions with the prototype for realistic
design scenarios
Organizational prototyping
Simulation of prototyped design within the context of the actual
user environment to determine the level of integration within
this context
Computer simulation
Software developed for realistic representation of the design
focused on different aspects of structure, screen layouts, and
navigation
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