Civil Engineering Reference
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on the action regulation theory (e.g., T¨tigkeitsbewertungssystem, TBS, from Hacker et al., 1995). Taking
these assessment concepts into account, the characteristics of humanitarian jobs had been systematically
worked out, sorted, and selected. Each of the criteria mentioned earlier has been operationalized in an
assessment model in terms of subcriteria, relative characteristic values, equations, and instructions,
necessary for determining attributes. Two of the nine assessment models are presented in Figure 5.19.
It becomes obvious that not only the jobs are assessed and made comparable by the characteristic
values, but also the tasks and subtasks, which is another specialty of Space
þ
to handle the increasing
level of detail during design.
The implemented assessment algorithms evaluate the used descriptors, respectively, the linked KSA
requirements. In case, an evaluation based on these entities is not possible, the algorithms utilize the pre-
attributed reference tasks. For the analytical description of the criteria, a deliberate limitation to the
designable aspects of jobs and working conditions had been made, in order to accommodate for prospec-
tiveness and incompleteness of information. Such characteristics were left out, which result only after the
complete realization of the work system from the interaction of all or at least some system elements and
which can, therefore, not be influenced directly by the job designer (e.g., feedback from superiors,
working atmosphere).
With the exception of set memberships, represented by the blob-notation, and cooperation relation-
ships, no relations between tasks and jobs are evaluated. The inclusion of control-, material-, and infor-
mation-flows into the assessment concept would already necessitate a very detailed modeling in the early
stages and would therewith reduce the tolerance towards incomplete information. In contrast to other
methods, Space
does not require a complete description of the work system. The assessment algorithms
linked directly to the design allow modifying, gradually completing, and recognizing interdependencies
of different jobs within the work system.
þ
5.5.6.3 Catalog of Reference Tasks
A catalog of reference tasks has been developed together with eight experts (all engineers with wide
experience in industrial engineering and ergonomics). The catalog consists of 54 tasks typical for
manufacturing, for example, machine setup, work documentation, error analysis, and is based on the
works of Schumann (1995). The reference tasks have been described by assigning descriptors (job and
cooperation elements). The quality of the description and the capability to differentiate the reference tasks
by means of the descriptors had been proven by a cluster analysis. Furthermore, the reference tasks
have been rated by the experts with regard to certain criteria (e.g., regulation requirements, feedback)
necessary for the assessment of jobs and tasks at a higher hierarchical level, which cannot be deter-
mined automatically by evaluating the descriptors and the linked KSA requirements. By integrating
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FIGURE 5.19 Two of the nine assessment models for determining the characteristic values in Space
þ
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