Soil Management for Sustaining Ecosystem Services - Principles of Sustainable Soil Management in Agroecosystems - page 525

Degradation effects
on ecosystem services and
functions

Direct adverse effects Indirect adverse effects

Provisional
Food
Water
Minerals
Energy

Regulation
Climate
Carbon
sequestration
Pollination
Pest control

Supporting
Nutrient
cycling
Biodiversity
Productivity
Seed
dispersal

Cultural
Recreational
Spiritual
Intellectual
Aesthetical

Food
security
Access
Quality
Retention

Water
security
Scarcity
Quality
Cycling

Energy
security
Biofuel
Efficiency
Supply

Climate
security
Climate
change
Adaptation
Mitigation
Resilience

Soil
security
Quality
Resilience

FIGURE 19.2 Soil degradation and ecosystem services.