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(a)
800
600
R
s
W m
−
2
R
lu
400
R
ld
L
e
E
H
200
α
s
R
s
0
G
−
200
−
400
0
6
12
18
24
Time (JST)
(b)
1200
−
G
1000
W m
−
2
800
L
e
E
600
R
lu
R
ld
400
H
α
s
R
s
200
R
s
0
0
6
12
18
24
Time (JST)
Fig. 2.21 Examples of the daily course of the energy balance in (W m
−
2
) at the surface of a deep water body.
The data were obtained over the East China Sea during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment
(AMTEX) on February 15(a) and 25(b), 1974; the time is Japanese Standard Time. (After Yasuda,
1975.)
1366 W m
−
2
(or around 1.958
cal min
−
1
cm
−
2
). As it passes through the atmosphere, the solar radiation is modified
by scattering, absorption, and reflection by different types of molecules and colloidal
particles; thus at the Earth's surface the global short-wave radiation consists of direct
solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation. The short-wave radiation can be measured and
satellites (e.g. Liou, 2002) to be of the order of
R
so
=
