Developmental Programs and Endocrine Disruption in Frog Metamorphosis: The Perspective from Microarray Analysis - Current Topics in Developmental Biology - page 322

CHAPTER TWELVE

Developmental Programs and
Endocrine Disruption in Frog
Metamorphosis: The Perspective
from Microarray Analysis

Saurabh S. Kulkarni, Daniel R. Buchholz 1
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
1 Corresponding author: e-mail address: [e-mail]

Contents
1.

Introduction 330

2. Developmental Programs 340

2.1 Tail 340

2.2 Brain 342

2.3 Hind limb 344

2.4 Intestine 346

2.5 Skin 349

2.6 Direct response genes 349

3. Endocrine Disruption 351

3.1 Biomarkers for TH disruption 351

3.2 Effects/mechanism of EDC action 354

4. Special Topics 356

4.1 Phenotypic plasticity 356

4.2 Biocontrol 357

4.3 Regeneration 357

5. Summary and Conclusions 358

Acknowledgments 361

References 361

Abstract
A major goal for understanding the role of thyroid hormone (TH) in development has
been to identify genes regulated by TH in different tissues during frog metamorphosis.
The exquisite dependence of metamorphosis on TH also provides a model to study TH
endocrine disruption. To identify such TH-regulated genes and select biomarkers for TH
endocrine disruption, global gene expression analyses in tadpoles using microarrays
have been done in 21 studies, involving five frog species, seven organs, and four endo-
crine disrupting chemicals. As expected, each organ has a unique set of genes