Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
hemorrhagic syndromes (vascular leakage), with which it can be confused clinically
and phonetically.
Hemorrhagic fevers Hemorrhagic fevers are produced by an agent (often a virus) that eli-
cits vasoactive mediators (e.g. kinins, histamine); thus increasing endothelial perme-
ability (i.e. producing leaky vessels) and leading to hypovolemic shock (i.e. shock due
to lack of blood in vessels). Typically, the vasoactive mediators are produced as a
viral cytopathic effect of infected reticuloendothelial cells (e.g. macrophages). The
pathogenesis varies somewhat from virus to virus and patient to patient. The presence
or absence of liver involvement, CNS involvement, and DIC (disseminated intravas-
cular coagulation) will alter the clinical course of disease. The hemorrhagic fever
viruses come from Group IV (Chapter 42) or Group V (Chapter 43), the single-
stranded RNA viruses. They have a non-human reservoir that is restricted to a specific
geographic location, but can be spread by infected humans. The exception is Dengue
hemorrhagic fever, which, aside from rare transfusion infections, seems to transmit
via an insect vector. Rickettsia bacteria can produce non-viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Scrub typhus, caused by
Orientia tsutsugamushi
, and transmitted by trombiculid
mites, is another example of a non-viral fever. Here is a list of hemorrhagic fever
viruses
Arenaviridae (Group V, Chapter 43)
Lassa fever
Argentine hemorrhagic fevers (Junin virus)
Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (Machupo virus)
Brazilian hemorrhagic fevers (Sabia virus)
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fevers (Guanarito virus)
Bunyaviridae (Group V, Chapter 43)
Hantaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
Nairovirus that causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Phlebovirus that causes Rift Valley fever (RVF)
Filoviridae (Group V, Chapter 43)
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Marburg hemorrhagic fever
Flaviviridae (Group IV, Chapter 42)
Dengue fever (severe form)
Yellow fever
Tick-borne encephalitis group that cause Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and
Kyasanur Forest disease virus
Arenaviridae (Group V, Chapter 43)
Lujo virus
Hepatitis viruses Several of the viruses that cause hepatitis are provided with names that
are easy to remember but impossible to reconcile as a coherent biological class. These
are hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Pathogenic viruses that attack any particular
organ need not all belong to the same biological class, and the named hepatitis viruses
are no exception, belonging to Groups IV, V, and VII. In addition, not all pathogenic
viruses that infect the liver belong to the named hepatitis viruses. Yellow fever virus,
