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interviewed sited poor planting practices, poor species selection, poor condition of
seedlings and herbivory by water buffalo as reasons for failure. Herbivory fails to
explain the living 0.5 ha or thriving natural recruits at the site.
A similar planting took place in Singkil Lagoon in 2011. This planting took place
on micro-deltas formed at the Southern end of the lagoon, and at the time at appro-
priate substrate elevations. However, rapid sedimentation took place over the course
of the following year, and planted
Rhizophora apiculata
were 100 % “replaced”
with naturally recruiting
Casuarina
sp
.
, a common beachfront pioneer species.
Economically indeed, there must be a better way to use money earmarked for
mangrove planting. It is reported that Ecological Mangrove Rehabilitation costs on
average $600-1,500 per hectare when implemented in Indonesia and has a high suc-
cess rate (Lewis and Brown
2014
). In many cases, the benefi t of such as process is
simply to recommend that a site not be restored due to social or ecological reasons.
Post-tsunami, villagers from Jaring Halus in North Sumatra provided over 1,000,000
seedlings per year (Fig.
19.6
) for 3 years out of their 42 ha village forest, packed and
shipped overland to Aceh to an unknown fate (Brown and Yuniati
2008
).
Some local NGO's and members of communities have expressed their doubts
about the effectiveness of mangrove planting as the trees are able to come back on
their own. An example was the case of the Banyak islands where many mangroves
died after the Nias earthquake but started to grow back naturally (Bpk. Zukifl i,
2013, Department of Forestry. Singkil, personal communication).
Fig. 19.6
One batch of the one million seedlings shipped annually from Jarig Halus to Aceh
(Source: Mangrove Action Project - Indonesia/author)
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