Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 18.5 Paddy fi elds covered by tsunami-deposit (mud). Paddy fi elds located near the branch of
the Kitakami River were covered to a depth of 10 cm by tsunami deposit. The clayey muddy mate-
rials are cracked after drying out. Ishinomaki City, Miyagi prefecture; 11th May 2011 (Source
Photo: Takehiko Yamamoto)
Fig. 18.6 Salt distribution in
the tsunami-affected soil after
salt removal operation. The
fi gure shows concentrations
of salts in the tsunami-
affected paddy soil collected
in Ishinomaki City on 12th
April 2012, 2 years after a
salt removal operation. The
salt concentrations are the
mean sum of water-soluble
bases and bases adsorbed by
soils. Even after salt removal
operations, sodium, toxic to
crops, still remains in the
soil. On the other hand,
calcium is reduced in the
surface soil layers
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