Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
area in June 2010 cost 4.5 millions euros (Liquet
2011
). In 2007, the cost of waste
management was estimated as being equivalent to more than a quarter of the total
costs required for putting the territory concerned back into running order (Brown
et al.
2011
). Therefore, the impact of waste management on a territory's return to
normal conditions is vitally important.
The fragility curves described in this chapter are specific to the types of dwell-
ings collected from the database (MECADEPI
2013
). To adapt the methodology to
other regions, countries and types of buildings, two different facets should be
considered separately: the fixed facet of waste coming from equipment, such as
kitchen and lavatories for instance, and a variable facet, which is proportional to the
total surface (such as partition walls and constructions debris).
16.2.3
Vulnerability of Coastal Industrial Plants
and the Tsunami Hazard
16.2.3.1
Systems Under Study and Their Purposes
This section deals with the case of metal tanks for oil storage and processing that
have been erected in coastal industrial plants. The behavior of these tanks is studied
under the effect of tsunami waves. They can be damaged and can also release the
products in store even when damage is slight or there are just holes due to debris
impacts, for instance. The new developments presented in this section concern the
fragility curves of the tanks. They study tanks' vulnerability under the external
loads generated by tsunami flows.
16.2.3.2
Hazard Modeling
Several sophisticated models can be considered for describing the height of a tsu-
nami and its wave velocity. For the sake of simplicity, a new model for the tsunami
run-up, H
sl
, and velocity, V
sl
, at the shoreline, is used (Mebarki et al.
2014
)
(Fig.
16.7
):
−
b
.
D
(
)
e
23
/
int
2
HH
=
.(
hH
+
)
.
with V
=
gH
sl
.
(16.7)
sl
int
int
int
(
)
sl
−−
M
M
1
+
De
.
w
o
int
Where:H
sl
[
m
] = Shoreline water height (or run-up if the land is flat from shore-
line to plant) considered as a random Gamma or Log-Normal random variable; H
int
[
m
]=Waterheightattheinterfacezone;h
int
[
m
] = Sea depth at the interface zone;
D
int
[
km
] = Horizontal distance from the interface to the shoreline; g [
m/s
2
] = univer-
sal gravity acceleration; V
sl
[
m/s
] = Velocity of the tsunami flow at the shoreline.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search