Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Hazard Modeling
In general, waste volumes generated during catastrophic situations may be very
considerable, as is the case after earthquakes, cyclones, floods, or fires. In fact, these
volumes correspond to between 5 and 15 times the normal amounts of waste pro-
duced per year on the same territory (Brown et al.
2011
).
The quantification method considers two scenarios as a flooding hazard model:
flooding lasting less than 48 h or more than 48 h (MECADEPI
2013
). Once the
building is flooded, all the components such as furniture, equipment and personal
belongings, except those concerning health-care, located on the ground floor are
expected to be transformed into waste. This notion is valid under the hypothesis that
the inhabitants have taken nothing away in the meantime, i.e. all the furniture, items
and equipment are still in place.
Vulnerability Modeling
All the waste under study is hazardous or produced in significant quantities. It is
supposed to benefit from a waste management/ treatment system, regardless of
mixed waste (putreiable waste such as foodstuffs, textile, topics as well as crockery
and domestic waste), (Table
16.1
). A specific quantification indicator is set up for
each of the waste streams, (MECADEPI
2013
). Feedback from experts and existing
databases collected in France have taken six typical dwellings into consideration
(Table
16.2
). The fragility curves, i.e. quantity of building waste vs. flooding height,
are built for each of the two typical flooding scenarios: under or over 48 h (Fig.
16.6
).
The quantity of waste resulting from the flooding of homes is related to the
mechanical and physical damage suffered by the home. The simulation model for
damage requires a prior classification of the dwellings on the basis of three criteria
that significantly influence home damage, (Fig.
16.6
): (i) individual or collective
housing, (ii) the presence of a cellar or not and (iii) the presence of upper floors or
not. These simulations use the “SIMUDOM” model developed in collaboration
with a building expert (European Centre for Flood Risk Prevention: CEPRI
2012
).
Damage is assessed with regard to two flooding parameters, i.e. the water level and
the length of time for which the homes are flooded. Although flow velocity, mud
presence, salt concentrations and water pollution are also influent, they are not taken
into consideration in this study.
16.2.2.4
Risks and Decision Making
A flood causes huge quantities and different types of waste: construction debris,
branches, furniture, industrial stocks, agricultural and supermarket products, sludge,
gravel and dead animals, all of which are totally waterlogged, mixed up together,
and even polluted by hydrocarbons and toxic substances. This waste is defined as
being “all the matter, material, objects and sediment that are unfit for consumption,
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