Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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The value of the damage which depends on both the intensity of the hazard and
the vulnerability of the system. This damage amplitude (light, important or
severe) expresses the capacity loss or reduction in the function of the utility.
16.2.2
System Fragility and Post-disaster Residual
Vulnerability
16.2.2.1
Vulnerability and Resilience
The integrated resilience framework is very complex and accurate vulnerability
modeling is required prior to any resilience analysis. Important components of this
resilience framework are investigated and detailed in this study. New contributions
by authors are provided in certain cases, whereas existing results (Mebarki et al.
2008
,
2012
) are inter-connected in order to investigate and discuss hazard modeling,
fragility functions, capacity loss, post-disaster recovery and effects on resilience.
Three illustrative situations have been considered for this purpose:
-
Floods hazards and structural vulnerability of informal masonry dwellings for
which theoretical fragility curves are reported and discussed (Mebarki et al.
2008
,
2012
). Resilience results from strengthening constructions and building
protective barriers.
-
Flood hazards and vulnerability of dwellings for which experimental fragility
curves (structural or non-structural debris and waste) have been constructed and
discussed. Resilience results from evacuating waste and cleaning as well as
installing protective barriers.
-
Tsunami hazards and the vulnerability of industrial tanks for which theoretical
fragility curves have been developed and discussed. Resilience is related to
protecting and cleaning zones after any possible escape of products, as well as
building protective barriers.
16.2.2.2
Masonry Dwelling Vulnerability and Flooding Hazard
Systems Under Study and Their Purposes
Non-confined masonry constructions are commonly used worldwide, mainly in
developing countries. These dwellings are very often erected in places prone to
flooding such as floodplains, riversides or shorelines. The present section focuses on
the mechanical effects made by river flooding on masonry constructions and pre-
dicts structural damage (Mebarki et al.
2008
,
2012
). The flooding hazard is defined
by the height and velocity of the water flow in the floodplain at the French village
of Cheffes-sur-Sarthe, which experienced severe flooding in 1995. Damage has
been mapped in order to analyze risk sensitivity to floods (Fig.
16.5
).
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