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against the tsunami, even if half of the breakwaters were ultimately washed away or
tilted.Simulationsusingtsunamisofvaryingheightswereconductedtostudythe
effectofcountermeasures.Theresultindicatesthattheinluenceofboththeprotec-
tive effect of breakwaters in the deep region and the crown height of breakwaters
becomes larger as the tsunami height becomes higher. The effect of the different
types of countermeasures showed that at least the protective effect would not be
negligible-ornonexistent-eveniftsunamioverlowoccurredwhenthebreakwaters
could not withstand their force.
References
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Investigation of the failure mechanism of Kamaishi breakwaters due to tsunami, Initial report
focusingonhydrauliccharacteristics.TechnicalNoteofthePortandAirportResearchInstitute,
No,1251,2012(inJapanese)
ArikawaT, Sato M, Shimosako KTomitaT,Yeom GS, NiwaT (2013) Failure mechanism and
resiliency of breakwaters under tsunami. Technical Note of the Port and Airport Research
Institute,No,1269,2013(inJapanese)
TomitaT,HondaK,KakinumaT(2006)Applicationofthree-dimensionaltsunamisimulatorto
estimation of tsunami behavior around structures. In: Proceedings of 30th international confer-
enceoncoastalengineering,pp1677-1688,2006
Tomita T, Arikawa T, Asai T (2013) Damage in ports due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of
Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami. J Disaster Res 8(3):2013
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