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O
R
R
Sn
[R
2
SnO]
n
OH
O
O
O
OH
+
CO
2
O
OH
d
n
9
r
3
n
g
|
0
2 MeOH
OH
GLYCEROL
CARBONATE
GLYCEROL
Scheme 6.21
Glycerol carbonate synthesis with CO
2
and tin catalyst.
d
y
y
f
n
n
3
.
OH
O
O
O
+ 2NH
3
OH
+
O
H
2
N
NH
2
OH
Zn(CH
3
C
6
H
4
-SO
3
)
2
OH
GLYCEROL
CARBONATE
GLYCEROL
UREA
Scheme 6.22
Glycerol carbonate synthesis from urea in the presence of a zinc
catalyst.
fully developed. Selective catalytic conversions of glycerol, therefore, are
promising areas of research with great potential for the development of
chemicals with new applications.
197
These transformations have not been
covered in this project (Scheme 6.22).
6.7 Conclusions
The current work has explored the potential for valorising reclaimed vegetable
oils/fats and similar food related co-products into multiple applications.
As shown, most of these materials generated in the fats and vegetable oil
production supply chain are recycled as animal feed supplement (ca. 90%, more
than 120m tonnes worldwide). However up to 20m tonnes of these by-products
are unsuitable for feed (mainly catering waste, and UCO), and have the potential
to be employed in technical applications. This group of by-products tend to be
used in biofuel production, with biodiesel, biogas and, to a lesser extent,
hydrocracking to being their main end-uses. However there is potential to gain
more value by developing other products from these feedstocks, which explains
the enormous amount of research currently being carried out in this area to:
Find alternative feedstocks for biofuels; such as rendered fat
from
miscellaneous waste, sludges, non edible tallow and fats, etc.
Achieve more ecient and greener biofuel processes using enzymes and
heterogeneous catalysts.
Valorise fats and oil co-products such as soap-stocks and biodiesel
glycerine into fuels and chemicals.
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