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sovereignty and interventionism. See International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty,
Responsibil-
ity to Protect
; and Evans,
Responsibility to Protect
.
9
This problem is analyzed in Leslie H. Gelb, “Quelling the Teacup Wars,”
Foreign Affairs
73, no. 6 (November-
December 1994), 2-6.
10
For discussions of the problem of liberal imperialism, including reflections of John Stuart Mill's classic argu-
ments, see Stephen Holmes, “Making Sense of Liberal Imperialism,” in Nadia Urbinati and Alex Zakaras, eds.,
J.
S. Mill's Political Thought: A Bicentennial Reassessment
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and Alan
Ryan, “Liberal Imperialism,” in R. K. Ramazani and Robert Fatton, eds.,
The Future of Liberal Democracy
(New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
11
The historian Mark Mazower provocatively argues that even the League of Nations and the United Nations
bear the marks of Victorian-era “imperial internationalism.” See Mazower's
No Enchanted Palace: The End of Em-
pire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). This ac-
count misses the progressive vision that American officials brought to the League and United Nations enterprise
and the affirmations of racial equality and universal rights in the U.N. Charter and the 1947 Universal Declaration.
Moreover, the United Nations as a political body evolved after its founding, with the colonial rebellions of the 1950s
and '60s transforming the center of gravity of the General Assembly into what it is today—the voice of the Global
South.
12
For an exploration of the tensions between liberalism's universalist vision of equality and historical complicity
in hierarchy and empire, see Jeanne Morefield,
Covenants without Swords: Idealist Liberalism and the Spirit of Em-
pire
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
13
David Rieff,
At the Point of a Gun: Democratic Dreams and Armed Intervention
(New York: Simon and
Schuster, 2005), 8.
14
See Smith's
A Pact with the Devil: Washington's Bid for World Supremacy and the Betrayal of the American
Promise
(New York: Routledge, 2007); and “Wilsonianism after Iraq: The End of Liberal Internationalism?” in G.
John Ikenberry, Thomas J. Knock, Anne-Marie Slaughter, and Tony Smith
The Crisis of American Foreign Policy:
Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), chap. 2.
15
Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century,” in Ikenberry et al.,
Crisis of American
Foreign Policy
, chap. 3.
16
See Robert Keohane, “Global Governance and Democratic Accountability,” in David Held and Mathias
Koenig-Achibugi, eds.,
Taming Globalization: Frontiers of Governance
(London: Polity, 2003), 130-59; and Robert
Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Redefining Accountability for Global Governance,” in Miles Kahler and David A.
Lake, eds.,
Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 2003), 386-411. For a philosophical inquiry into these issues, see Alan Gilbert,
Must Global Politics Con-
strain Democracy? Great-Power Realism, Democratic Peace, and Democratic Internationalism
(Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1999).
17
In addition to chapter 3, see also G. John Ikenberry, “State Power and the Institutional Bargain: America's Am-
bivalent Economic and Security Multilateralism,” in Rosemary Foot, S. Neil MacFarlane, and Michael Mastanduno,
eds.,
U.S. Hegemony and International Organizations: The United States and Multilateral Institutions
(Oxford: Ox-
ford University Press, 2003), 49-70; and G. John Ikenberry, “Is American Multilateralism in Decline?”
Perspective
on Politics 1
, no. 3 (Fall 2003), 533-550.
18
G. John Ikenberry, “A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settle-
ment,”
International Organization
46 (Winter 1991/92), 289-321.
19
See Robert Keohane, Stephen Macedo, and Andrew Moravcsik, “Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism,”
In-
ternational Organization
63, no. 1 (Winter 2009), 1-31.
20
For discussions of these trade-offs, see Louis W. Pauly and William D. Coleman, eds.,
Global Ordering: In-
stitutions and Autonomy in a Changing World
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008); and Steven
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