Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
18
For detailed accounts of alternative institutional proposals and their eventual fate in the unfolding process of
German unification, see Mary Elise Sarotte,
1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe
(Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 2009); and Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice,
Germany Unified and Europe Trans-
formed: A Study in Statecraft
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). See also G. John Ikenberry, “Ger-
man Unification, Western Order, and the Post-Cold War Restructuring of the International System,” unpublished
paper, 2009.
19
See C. Fred Bergsten, “APEC and World Trade: A Force for Worldwide Liberalization,”
Foreign Affairs
73,
no. 3 (May-June 1994), 20-26.
20
Anthony Lake, “From Containment to Enlargement,”
Vital Speeches of the Day
60, no. 1 (15 October 1993),
13-19. See also Douglas Brinkley, “Democratic Enlargement: The Clinton Doctrine,”
Foreign Policy
, no. 106
(Spring 1997), 116.
21
White House,
A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement
(Washington, DC: White House,
July 1994), 6.
22
A detailed account of American foreign policy in the 1990s, see Derek Chollet and James Goldgeier,
America
Between the Wars: From 11/9 to 9/11: The Misunderstood Years between the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the Start
of the War on Terror
(New York: Public Affairs, 2008).
23
Chollet and Goldgeier,
America Between the Wars
, 146-48.
24
See Jeffry A. Frieden,
Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Norton,
2006), chap. 17; and Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw,
The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World
Economy
, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 2002).
25
The term “Washington consensus” was coined by the economist John Williamson. See John Williamson,
“What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” in John Williamson, ed.,
Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has
Happened?
(Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990), 7-20.
26
See Robert Wright, “Clinton's One Big Idea,”
New York Times
, 16 January 2001.
27
On the advantages that accrue to the United States from the dollar's role as an international reserve currency,
see Gilpin,
Political Economy of International Relations
, 77; and Carla Norrlof,
America's Global Advantage: U.S.
Hegemony and International Cooperation
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
28
See Ikenberry,
America Unrivaled
, 288-99.
29
Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds.,
From Max Weber: Essays in
Sociology
(London: Routledge, 1970), 78.
30
For discussions of the logic and evolution of the Westphalian system, see Keo Gross, “The Logic of West-
phalia, 1648-1948,” in Richard A. Falk and Wolfram Hanreider, eds.,
International Law and Organization
(Philad-
elphia: Lippincott, 1968), 45-67; Hedley Bull,
The Anarchical Society
(London: Macmillan, 1977); Hedley Bull and
Adam Watson, eds.,
The Expansion of International Society
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); F. H. Hinsley,
The Pursuit
of Peace
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963); and K. J. Holsti,
Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and
International Order, 1648-1989
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
31
Chris Brown offers a summary of Westphalian norms: “The actors in the Westphalian System are sovereign
states—territorial polities whose rulers acknowledge no equal at home, no superior abroad; except in very exception-
al and restricted circumstances individual human beings have no standing in international society. States are legally
equal, differing in capabilities ('Great Powers, Medium Powers, Small Powers') but with the same standing in inter-
national society, which means that the norms of non-intervention is central—no sovereign has the right to intervene
in the affairs of another.” Brown,
Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International Political Theory Today
(Cambridge:
Polity, 2002), 35.
32
The Italian scholar Vittorio Emanuele Parsi has called it a transition from
pace d'equilibro
(“peace of equi-
librium”) to
pace egemonica
(“hegemonic peace”). Parsi,
L'alleanza Inevitable: Europa e Stati Uniti oltre l'Iraq
(Milan: Universita Bocconi Editore, 2003).
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