Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
69
Lloyd Gardner,
Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in Foreign Policy, 1941-1949
(Chicago: Quadrangle
Books, 1970), 219.
70
Monnet quoted in Patrick,
Best Laid Plans
, 162.
71
Memorandum by Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs Will Clayton, “The European Crisis,” 27 May
1947, in
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947
, 3, 230-32.
72
Secretary George Marshall, commencement address, Harvard University, 4 June 1947.
73
Quoted in Charles Mee, Jr.,
The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana
(New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1984), 90.
74
On the role of the Marshall Plan in supporting European integration, see Ernst H. Van Der Beugel,
From Mar-
shall Plan to Atlantic Partnership
(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966); Michael J. Hogan,
The Marshall Plan: America,
Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987);
and Hogan, “European Integration and the Marshall Plan,” in Stanley Hoffman and Charles Maier, eds.,
The Mar-
shall Plan: A Retrospective
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984). On the twin themes of German inclusion and European
integration, see Greg Behrman,
The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped
Save Europe
(New York: Free Press, 2008), 56-57.
75
Gilpin,
Political Economy of International Relations
, 133-34.
76
Kimball,
Juggler
, 85.
77
For accounts of the drafting of the U.N. Charter, see Paul Kennedy,
The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present,
and Future of the United Nations
(New York: Random House, 2006); and Townsend Hooper and Douglas Brinkley,
FDR and the Creation of the U.N
. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
78
President Harry S. Truman, address at the closing session of the United Nations Conference, San Francisco, 26
June 1945.
79
Quote from Divine,
Second Chance
, 299-300.
80
Quoted in John Lewis Gaddis, “Spheres of Influence,” in
The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the
Cold War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 58.
81
“The Director of the Policy Planning Staff [Kennan] to the Under Secretary of State [Acheson],” 23 May 1947,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947
, 3:225.
82
George Kennan,
Memoirs, 1925-50
, 337.
83
“Report of the Policy Planning Staff,” 24 February 1948,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948
, 1 (pt.
2): 515.
84
“Question of European Union,” policy planning staff paper quoted in Klaus Schwabe, “The United States and
European Integration: 1947-1957,” in Clemens Wurm, ed.,
Western Europe and Germany, 1945-1960
(New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995), 133.
85
Thomas A. Schwartz,
America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany
(Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 95. See “A Summary Record of a Meeting of Ambassadors at Rome,” 22-24
March 1950,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950
, 3:817.
86
“Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the Washington Exploratory Talks on Security,” 8 July 1948,
Foreign Rela-
tions of the United States, 1948
, 3:163-69.
87
“The Secretary of State to the Embassy in France,” 19 October 1949,
Foreign Relations of the United States,
1949
, 4:471.
88
Lincoln Gordon, quoted in David Ellwood, ed.,
The Marshall Plan Forty Years After: Lessons for the Interna-
tional System Today
(Bologna: SAIS Bologna Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1989), 48-49.
89
Michael Mastanduno, “Economics and Security in Statecraft and Scholarship,”
International Organization
52,
no. 4 (Autumn 1998), 192.
90
Lloyd Gardner,
A Covenant with Power: America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan
(New York: Ox-
ford University Press, 1984), 81.
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