Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
of the individual tests at a signicance level of /n. \Statistically signif-
icant" simply means that a given result is unlikely to have occurred by
chance assuming the null hypothesis is actually correct (i.e., no differ-
ence among groups, no effect of treatment, no relation among variables).
The Bonferroni correction is derived by observing Boole's inequality. If
n tests are performed, each of them significant with probability p (where
p is unknown), then the probability that at least one of them comes out
signicant is (by Boole's inequality) np. We have then to equate this
probability to , which is the signicance level for the entire series of tests.
By solving for p, we get p = =n. This result does not require that the
tests be independent.
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI): An anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic agent
that alters calcium-mediated signal transduction in ECs by blocking
agonist-activated calcium entry in a dose-dependent manner. In partic-
ular, it is currently under investigation as an orally administered tu-
moristatic agent in Phase II and III clinical trials for different tumors.
CD157: An ADP-ribosyl cyclaserelated cell surface molecule regulating
leukocyte diapedesis during inflammation. CD157 is expressed by ovarian
cancer cells and mesothelium, and it potentiates the adhesion, migration,
and invasion of serous ovarian cancer cells through different extracellu-
lar matrices. Indeed, it may be clinically useful as a prognostic tool and
therapeutic target.
Cdc42: A small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily that regulates signaling path-
ways that control diverse cellular functions including cell morphology,
migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression.
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE): A fluorescent cell stain-
ing dye. As carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE),
which is nonfluorescent, it enters the cytoplasm of cells, where intracellu-
lar esterases remove the acetate groups and convert the molecule to the
fluorescent ester. CFSE is retained within cells and covalently couples,
via its succinimidyl group, to intracellular molecules, for extremely long
periods. Also, due to this stable linkage, once incorporated within cells,
the dye is not transferred to adjacent cells. CFSE was originally devel-
oped as a fluorescent dye that could be used to stably label lymphocytes
and track their migration within animals for many months. Subsequent
studies revealed that the dye can be used to monitor lymphocyte pro-
liferation, both in vitro and in vivo, due to the progressive halving of
CFSE fluorescence within daughter cells following each cell division. The
only limitation is that CFSE at high concentrations can be toxic for cells.
However, when CFSE labeling is performed optimally, approximately 7{8
cell divisions can be identified before the CFSE fluorescence is too low
to be distinguished above the autofluorescence background. Thus, CFSE
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