Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.1
Goat milk production contribution to countries
1
worldwide.
Goat milk total
1,000 MT/year
Goat milk part
of all milk, %
Goat milk/
goat/year, kg
2
Goat population
1,000 head
2
India
3,128
4
25
124,500
Bangladesh
1,328
55
38
34,500
Sudan
1,151
16
28
40,000
Pakistan
818
4
15
52,800
France
480
2
397
1,210
Greece
460
26
87
5,300
Iran
398
24
15
26,000
Somalia
390
51
30
12,700
Spain
350
7
115
3,050
Turkey
225
3
32
7,000
Indonesia
200
29
15
13,280
Mali
196
43
17
11,460
Algeria
155
13
48
3,200
Italy
140
1
102
1,375
Northern Mediterranean
3
1,840
1 - 26
140
13,090
Southern Mediterranean
4
618
1 - 14
26
23,540
World
12,455
2
16
767,930
1
Countries with more than 140,000 MT annual goat milk production.
2
Includes all goats, not just those for dairy purposes.
3
Includes (1,000 head): Portugal (550), Spain (3,050), France (1,210), Italy (1,330), former Yugoslavia (350),
Romania (680), Macedonia (20), Bulgaria (900), Greece (5,000).
4
Includes (1,000 head): Turkey (7,000), Syria (1,000), Lebanon (380), Israel (65), Jordan (550), Egypt (3,470),
Libya (1,265), Tunisia (1,400), Algeria (3,200), Morocco (5,210).
Source: Haenlein, 2006 .
system. Enzymes needed for milk synthesis (lactogenesis
and galactopoiesis) are present within the cells of the udder
before kidding. At parturition, hormones cause a great
increase in secretion of milk. Colostrum is secreted up to
about 5 days after kidding and contains high concentra-
tions of solids, especially immunoglobulins. Thereafter,
normal milk is secreted with reduced solids content.
Shortly before parturition, blood progesterone titers fall
and estrogen, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and
prolactin levels increase. Neural stimuli are not normally
required to initiate lactation (Larson, 1985).
Lactogenesis and the milk secretion process involve
intracellular synthesis of milk and subsequent passage of
milk from the cytoplasm into the alveolar lumen (Cosie
and Buttle, 1974). The basic anatomical component of the
secretory tissue is the alveolus, which is made up of a
single layer of epithelial cells that absorb precursors from
the blood, synthesize, and then secrete the milk compo-
nents into the lumen of the alveolus. The outer layer of the
alveolus is lined with myoepithelial cells that help in con-
of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries is espe-
cially important, as it is in many other countries worldwide
(Table 14.1 ).
Goat milk and its products, including cheeses and
yogurt, are also valued parts of the total dairy industry in
developed countries by providing gourmet foods to con-
noisseur consumers, and by supporting people who need
alternative dairy products due to medical affl ictions such
as allergies and gastrointestinal disorders. Goat milk serves
three types of markets around the world: (1) home con-
sumption, (2) specialty gourmet interests, and (3) medical
needs (Park and Haenlein, 2007).
LACTATION PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy and Physiology of Mammary Glands
The goat udder consists of two halves, each with separate
mammary glands. Appreciable mammary secretions are
produced only after formation of the lobular-alveolar
