Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
gluteus medius M.
psoas Mm.
tensor fasciae
latae M.
tensor fasciae
latae M.
gluteobiceps M.
quadriceps
femoris M.
sartorius M.
semimembranosus M.
semitendinosus M.
gracilis M.
popliteus M.
caudal tibial M.
flexor pedis longus M.
cranial tibial M.
flexor hallucis longus M.
fibularis tertius M.
crural retinaculum
metatarsal retinaculum
gastrocnemius M.
lateral digital extensor M.
fibularis longus M.
fibularis tertius M.
long digital extensor M.
superficial
digital
flexor
tendon
crural retinaculum
metatarsal retinaculum
tendon of deep
digital flexor M.
interosseous M.
6.17
6.18
Figure 6.17 and 6.18
(6.17)
The muscles of the pelvic limb, lateral aspect.
(6.18)
The muscles of the
pelvic limb, medial aspect.
base of the horn is surrounded by a zone of transitional
epidermis called epiceras (epikeras), with the same relation
to the horn as the periople to the hoof, and with the same
functionality. The dermis of the horn is the continuation
of the dermis of the skin. It is interposed between the
epidermis of the horn and the osseous corneal process, and
is very vascular. The dermis consists of dermal papillae
that penetrate into conical epidermal depressions. The epi-
dermal tubules are produced by the dermal papillae. The
rostral part of the horn is in relationship to the frontal sinus,
whereas sometimes the caudal part of the horn may be in
contact with the frontal plate or calvaria (the roof of the
brain cavity). Therefore, one must proceed carefully during
the dehorning of a goat.
The cornual artery provides blood supply to the horn.
The branches of it are accompanied by the cornual nerve
and by the infratrochlear nerve, both branches of the oph-
thalmic nerve (of the trigeminal nerve). Therefore, both
nerves should be blocked before dehorning a goat. The
goats also have horn glands (see the Touch Organ—
Common Integument with the Sense Organs).
The Digital Organ
The digital organ includes the main hooves (claws),
two for each limb, which are the continuation of the epi-
dermal skin. They cover and protect live structures such
as bones, joints, tendons, vessels, nerves, the digital
cushion, and the dermis. For each limb, there are two
additional accessory hooves, located on the palmar/plantar
aspect of the fetlock joint. The fetlock joints are illustrated
in Figure 6.1. The accessory hooves are called dewclaws
and are not provided with all anatomical structures as the
main/functional hooves are.
The third phalanx, the distal half of the second phalanx,
and the distal sesamoid bone are the bones included in
each hoof. Several ligaments join the phalanges and the
distal sesamoid bone with each other. Axial and abaxial
tendons of the digital extensor muscles on the dorsal aspect
and the tendon of the deep digital fl exor muscle on the
palmar/plantar aspect are the only tendons included in the
hoof.
The digital cushion is a pad of fi broelastic tissue in
intimate contact with the deep digital fl exor tendon, and
