Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 6.7
Skull, lateral view (without mandible). (L) = landmark for physical examination and/or
clinical approach.
to 6.9. The structures marked with an “L” are landmarks
for clinical purposes.
The functional anatomy of the skull is much more
complex than that of the other bones, because it protects
the brain and two of the endocrine glands, the initial
segment of the respiratory system, and the initial segment
of the digestive system. Also, some of the prominences
and foramina are landmarks for clinical purposes.
with a fi brous ring surrounding a gelatinous center. The
functional role of the intervertebral discs is to allow a
certain degree of mobility of the vertebral column as a
whole. There are fi ve regions of the vertebral column:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal. The cervical
vertebrae in all domestic mammals are much longer than
in humans, but the total number is the same for all
mammals. The thoracic vertebrae form part of the roof of
the thoracic cavity. The lumbar vertebrae form the roof of
the abdominal cavity, whereas the sacrum is the roof
of the pelvic cavity. Using symbols, the following are the
numbers of vertebrae for each region: C7, T13, L6, S5,
Cd11 - 14. Their profi les are illustrated in Figure 6.10 and
Figure 6.11 .
T
HE
V
ERTEBRAL
C
OLUMN
The vertebral column has a multiple role in the normal
functioning of the body: it protects the spinal cord (within
the vertebral canal), contributes to the roofs of the thoracic
and abdominal cavities, and provides attachments for liga-
ments and muscles. Also as part of the functional anatomy,
the vertebral column provides landmarks for epidural and
paravertebral anesthesia. Each vertebra consists of a body
and the arch, both enclosing the vertebral canal. There is
an intervertebral disc between the bodies of the vertebrae,
T
HE
S
TERNUM
The sternum is a unique structure, consisting of seven
sternebrae as shown in Figure 6.10, and is the bony fl oor
of the thoracic cavity.
